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Environmental Risk Evaluation of Air and Water Categories in Irrigation Development Activities in Sukasari Village, Indramayu Regency, Indonesia

The process of development activities in Sukasari Village, Indramayu, produces several environmental contaminants that may cause disruption to the health of the surrounding community. The pollution is in the form of exceeding the Threshold Value of the BOD agent in the water parameter and air pollution in the sound (noise) section. This study aims to determine the concentration and risk level of BOD agent pollution in water parameters and noise pollution. The research was conducted in the Sukasari Village area with a grab sampling method of water and air components (SNI 8995: 2021), based on Indonesian Government Regulation No. 22 of 2021 and KepMenLH No. KEP-48/MENLH/11/11: KEP-48/MENLH/11/1996, as well as Environmental Health Risk Analysis (EHR) conducted on 32 people based on the purposive sampling method. The results showed that the BOD concentration in the residential area was 13 mg.L-1, with a safe risk category for 30 people with body weight criteria of 49 to 81 kg and unsafe for 2 people with body weight criteria ? 43 kg. The sound parameter measurement results showed a figure of 68 dB(A), which exceeded the threshold value of 55 dB(A). Decreased BOD quality can cause several diseases, including skin irritation and digestive problems. The impact of noise on hearing can include balance disorders, hearing loss, until permanent hearing loss, increased blood pressure, psychological disorders, and behavioral disorders.

Hashfi Hawali Abdul Matin, Siti Rachmawati, Muhammad Amjad Hamy Faqiih and Yoyon Wahyono

Assessment of the Impact of Air Pollutants on the Photosynthetic Pigments of Litchi Plants in Dehradun City, Uttarakhand

Air pollution has indeed become one of the most significant concerns worldwide. Vehicular emissions are among the most outstanding sectors emitting many pollutants into the atmosphere. It is affecting human health and causing significant damage to plants. A comprehensive study of the effects of air pollution on plant physiology is required because of the growing danger it poses to ecosystems and human health. This research in Dehradun City, Uttarakhand, aims to evaluate the impact of air pollution on the photosynthetic pigments of Litchi plants (Litchi chinensis). The main focus of this research is to understand how common air pollutants, such as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and particulate matter, affect photosynthetic pigments (carotenoids and chlorophylls). Understanding the connection between plant health and air quality is crucial for promoting a healthy ecological balance in urban areas. This paper depicts the condition of the litchi plant in Dehradun City due to air pollution. We monitored Rajpur Road, ISBT, and one at the control site, i.e., Graphic Era Deemed University. The particulate matter (PM10), SOx, and NOx were observed to be high at ISBT, 148.34±31.39 ?g.m-3, 12.96±5.79 ppm, 23.99±2.04 ppm, respectively, and lowest at the control site, 95.30±3.38?g.m-3, 9.87±1.70 ppm, 10.92±1.40 ppm, respectively. For the plant analysis, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll content, and carotenoids were calculated. This study will shed light on the complex interplay between air quality and Litchi plant photosynthetic performance, which in turn informs solutions for environmentally responsible management.

Prernaa Sharma, Avnish Chauhan and Shivam Attri

Transboundary Trade in Plastic Waste and Environmental Concerns: A Case Study from Thailand

Thailand has ratified the Basel Convention and is adhering to its restrictions on the importation of plastic scrap. The Thai government has enforced limitations to decrease the influx of plastic scrap imports, thereby protecting the ecosystem. However, Thailand has emerged as a prominent global hub for the export of plastic waste due to its tax-free zone plastic recycling programs and China’s ban on such imports in 2018. Thailand’s importation of plastic waste for recycling has caused worries due to the accumulation of plastic garbage in the environment. Plastic can be found in seafood, drinking water, rivers, sediments, and wastewater treatment facilities. Thailand is becoming more cautious about importing plastic scraps for recycling due to concerns over the health hazards associated with contaminated plastic. The importation of plastic can significantly impact those engaged in the collection and trade of plastic scrap. Consequently, there are discrepancies in both company operations and plastic management. The ban on plastic scrap imports in Thailand set for 2025 is expected to reduce environmental and human health issues; however, it may also impact the plastic recycling industries and economies both regionally and globally. To address the issue of plastic waste infiltrating the global environment, all nations need to work together at both the regional and global levels to establish effective plastic waste management practices, avoiding the practice of transferring plastic waste to other countries.

Kruamas Smakgahn

Advances of Submarine Groundwater Discharge in the Coastal Aquifers of India: A Review

Groundwater is a crucial freshwater source for coastal communities. However, population growth, urbanization, industrial activities, and the discharge of polluted sewage water have led to the contamination of coastal groundwater with nutrients, metals, and organic compounds. This contaminated groundwater and terrestrial groundwater discharges into the ocean through a process known as Submarine Groundwater Discharge (SGD). This study aims to review (i) the driving forces behind SGD across coastal barriers, (ii) methods for identifying and quantifying SGD sites, and (iii) the status of SGD in Indian coastal aquifers and groundwater resource availability. The study indicates that groundwater discharge is higher on the east coast of India than on the west coast. Data on groundwater resources in India’s coastal states show an increase in annual groundwater extractions for irrigation, industry, and domestic use, with a decreasing trend in net groundwater availability for future use between 2011, 2013, and 2017. Despite this, there is limited evidence on the quantity of SGD flux along the Indian coastline. However, preliminary studies by the Mission SGD project have made some progress in understanding this phenomenon. This research aims to improve the estimation of water resources in India and highlight the volume of SGD entering the ocean. A comprehensive understanding of hydrogeological settings, computational methods, coastal aquifer geometries, and other factors is essential for accurately estimating SGD along the Indian coastline.

P. S. Sunilkumar, H. Ramesh and Sushamita Wadde

Health Risk Assessment Among Biogas and Conventional Cooking Fuel Users in Different Socioeconomic Conditions of Rural West Bengal

In many rural areas of developing countries, solid fuel use is still widespread. The present study aims to investigate the Household Air Pollution (HAP) exposure effect from traditional biomass fuels and biogas on the health of rural women. The results revealed that nearly 93% of rural families utilize conventional fuels for daily cooking and heating purposes, whereas clean fuels like biogas were minimal. However, high-income, educated, elderly, well-structured houses (Pucca), and hierarchically more advanced families were observed to cook with biogas fuel. Further, the present study also used spatial HAP mapping and land use mapping models to analyze exposure load patterns and sources of solid fuel availability, respectively. The clean fuel biogas burning showed the lowest HAP concentration compared to traditional fuels, except for NO2 (1.14 ± 0.05 ppm), which is also represented in the case of health risk estimation. The biogas users also observed the lowest COHb% (0.008 ± 0.01) than conventional fuels. The health risks associated with SO2 and NO2 for biogas users were revealed to be lowest in both acute and chronic instances. Monte-Carlo probabilistic model observed that coal cake may pose high health risks among traditional fuels when considering PM2.5, SO2, and NO2, but in the case of COHb% %, cow dung users showed the highest health risk (0.39 ± 0.02). These findings have significant implications for public health, suggesting that promoting the use of cleaner cooking fuels, particularly biogas, which is less affected by muscular pain and eye irritation than biomass users, could lead to substantial health benefits for rural populations. This finding also indicates that government intervention should be required to enhance the utilization of cleaner cooking fuels in rural India for women’s safety.

Tapas Bagdi, Apurba Koley, Niladri Das, Suman Das, Sujan Gayen, Anuradha Sarkar, Sreya Ghosh, Sushil Kumar, Shibani Chaudhury, Amit K Hazra, Andrew B Ross, Deep Chakraborty and Srinivasan Balachandran

Assessment of Soil Erosion and Sediment Yield Using GIS-Based RUSLE Modeling- A Case Study of Musi Sub-Basin, Telangana, India

Soil loss, also known as erosion, is an irreversible natural phenomenon that affects the topsoil of the Earth’s surface. It reduces soil fertility and water availability, and initiates geohazards, leading to negative environmental consequences. A research study was conducted in part of the Musi River sub-basin, a tributary of the Krishna River basin in India, which is undergoing a lot of changes due to anthropogenic factors. The novelty of this study lies in the integration of the RUSLE (Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation) model with advanced Geographical Information System (GIS) techniques to evaluate soil erosion and sediment yield in the basin. Leveraging the capabilities of the Google Earth Engine platform, the study employs the CART (Classification and Regression Trees) machine learning algorithm to generate the LULC (Land Use Land Cover) map, crucial for accurate C factor estimation. This innovative approach improves the precision of erosion modeling by seamlessly integrating GIS, machine learning, and remote sensing technologies. The analysis reveals that the LULC map has a total accuracy of 89.6% and a kappa coefficient of 0.86. The analysis also shows that the agriculture class dominates the research area with 51.4%. The results reveal that 95.6% of the research area has very low soil erosion of 0-1 ton/ha/ year, and 60.8% of the area has low sediment yield of 0-1 ton.ha-1.y-1. As the study area consists of major towns and cities, and the agricultural area is being converted to open plots (barren lands for developmental activities), erosion may increase in the future. The findings of this study may be used by managers and legislators to suggest soil conservation laws to expedite development projects.

Shiva Chandra Vaddiraju

Study and Assessment of Trace Metal Contamination (As, Cd, Pb and Hg) in Water Resources from the Headwaters of the Ouémé and Pendjari Watersheds in the Copargo Municipality, Northwestern Benin

Headwaters, considered strategic zones for preserving water resources and crucial for evaluating water quality and streamflow, have been increasingly subjected to anthropogenic pressure in recent years. This pressure, exerted by human activities, has notable negative repercussions on the quality of both water and soil resources. This study aims to assess the contamination of water resources in the headwaters of the Copargo municipality by trace metals (arsenic, cadmium, mercury, and lead). To this end, water samples were collected during two sampling campaigns conducted during the high-water (August 2023) and low-water (November 2023) periods. 42 sampling sites were selected, comprising 9 wells, 7 boreholes, 25 rivers, and 1 dam. These samples were properly preserved and transported to the laboratory for analysis of trace metals, arsenic, cadmium, mercury, and lead using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES), according to the EPA 6010B method. The results indicate that the concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, mercury, and lead measured in water resources during the high-water period are significantly higher than those observed during the low-water period (p<0.05). Regarding the water quality of Beninese drinking water standards, the concentrations of trace metals in the water from wells, boreholes, and rivers are generally below the established thresholds, except for mercury. Specifically, mercury concentrations of 1.56 ?g.L-1, 1.67 ?g.L-1, and 1.79 ?g.L-1 in well, borehole, and river water, respectively, exceed the Beninese standard of 1 ?g.L-1. Furthermore, the results reveal that the average concentrations of arsenic (0.9 ?g.L-1), cadmium (0.71 ?g.L-1), and lead (0.32 ?g.L-1) are slightly higher in groundwater than in surface waters, where they are 0.71 ?g.L-1, 0.2 ?g.L-1, and 0.31 ?g.L-1, respectively. In contrast, surface water’s average mercury concentration is higher (0.9 ?g.L-1) than groundwater (0.8 ?g.L-1). The contamination and pollution indices calculated indicate that 88.89% of the wells, 14.3% of the boreholes, and 46.15% of the rivers exhibit a moderate level of contamination (1 < DC < 3), while only one borehole (14.3%) shows a high contamination level (DC = 4.28). Regarding the pollution load index, all water resources studied show a low level of pollution. Despite the low observed contamination, the mercury concentrations suggest that most of the water resources in the municipality are unsuitable for human consumption. Although water resource contamination is relatively low, the toxicological risk remains concerning due to the cumulative nature of trace metals. This situation underscores the need for a modeling study of pollutant transfer to enable dynamic monitoring and better prediction of the quality of these water resources.

Kamarou Faré Kondo, Ibrahim Tchakala, Wèré Gédéon Sambienou, Masamaéya Dadja-Toyou Gnazou and Daouda Mama

Evaluation of Groundwater Potential Zones in Sg. Seguntor, Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia by Using the Geographical Information System (GIS) Method

This study was conducted to determine the groundwater potential zone by using the Geographical Information System (GIS) method in Sungai Seguntor, Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia, and its surroundings. The study area consists of the Sandakan Formation, the Volcanic Breccia and the Quaternary Alluvium. The ArcGIS 10.5 and Global Mapper software were used in this study. Eight thematic maps have been produced: lithological map, rainfall map, drainage density map, lineament density map, soil type map, landuse map, elevation map and slope steepness map. GIS methods were used during the spatial analysis stage. All the thematic maps are weighted based on their emphasis on the existence of groundwater. During the map integration stage, the Raster Calculator is used based on the Eigen Vector of each parameter. The final map produced shows that almost 30% of the study area has high groundwater potential, most of which is in lowland alluvium areas with relatively high drainage density. This final map also shows significant results with tube well data obtained from the Department of Minerals and Geosciences, Sabah, Malaysia.

Zulherry Isnain and Muhammad Shazali Azahar

Sustainable Bioplastic Production from Banana Peel Waste: Unveiling Antibacterial Potential and Environmental Impact

A variety of synthetic and semi-synthetic substances make up the polymer material known as plastic. Plastics are visually appealing, but their breakdown and disposal have created major problems. To address the contamination of the ecosystem by plastics, it is necessary to create an “eco-friendly” solution. The goal of this research is to demonstrate that the starch in banana peels (Musa acuminata) can be utilized to create biodegradable plastic as an alternative to traditional plastic. The successful incorporation of glycerol into the starch matrix was confirmed by structural analysis using Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) analysis, which also revealed hydroxyl, carbonyl, and C-H stretching vibrations. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) showed a fibrous microstructure, which improved the bioplastic material’s mechanical properties. The elongation test was used to compare the biodegradable film with a synthetic plastic and a control film in order to ascertain the film’s strength. The degree of deterioration was assessed for each of the three types of film in the soil burial degradation test. The biodegradable film broke down more quickly. Banana peels’ antibacterial properties were assessed for use in subsequent bioplastic-based product manufacturing. The findings show that bioplastic made from banana peels can solve significant industrial issues, food packaging, boosting productivity such and bags, toys, and water bottles.

Sree Gayathri S., Vignesh K. G., Usha C., Narasimha Mallikarjunan K. and Padmavathy S.

Diagnosis of the Presence of Total Cr in Soil and Groundwater Due to Urban Solid Waste in Veracruz, Mexico

Chromium (Cr) is one of the 20 most abundant elements on Earth and is a heavy metal frequently found in leachates. This study aimed to diagnose the presence of total Cr in the soil and groundwater of the Cotaxtla aquifer, resulting from the improper disposal of urban solid waste (USW) in Veracruz, Mexico. Composite soil and groundwater samples were collected from three deep wells adjacent to the study area. The total Cr concentration was determined following the procedure established in the NMX-AA-051-SCFI-2001 standard. The mean concentration of total chromium in groundwater was 0.0438 mg.L?¹, with a maximum of 0.0585 mg.L?¹. The average chromium concentration in the soil samples was 0.527 mg.kg?¹, with a maximum of 0.558 mg.kg?¹. No correlation was observed between the concentration of Cr in water and soil. However, the total Cr concentrations in groundwater exceeded the maximum permissible limits (0.05 mg.L?¹) established in NOM-127-SSA-1994 for human consumption and the drinking water quality parameters of international standards. The effects of Cr on human health, due to exposures exceeding established limits, include respiratory tract problems and skin lesions.

I. Galaviz-Villa , A. García-Saldaña , I. D. Pérez-Landa, F. Lango-Reynoso, L. and Martínez-Cárdenas

Bioaccumulation and Biotransportation of Heavy Metals Along a WaterSoil-Plant-Firefly (Coleoptera: Lampyridae: Luciolinae) Food Chain: A Case Study from the Southern Gangetic Plains, West Bengal, India

Cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn) were estimated along a water-soil-plant-firefly food chain for understanding bioaccumulation and biotransformation at the study site, i.e., areas surrounding a surface water body exposed to multidirectional anthropogenic usage (bathing, cleaning, washing) and periodic exposures of domestic sewerages and runoffs from nearby agricultural areas. In the food chain components, the trend of accumulation followed Fe > Zn > Cu > Pb > Cr > Cd. Chromium (Cr) and lead (Pb) levels were higher in sediment (80 ppm and 34.4 ppm, respectively). Lower N/P ratio (0.08) together with high pH (7.8±1.2) in water indicated the eutrophic conditions. Dissolved metals (

Srinjana Ghosh and Susanta Kumar Chakraborty

Optimizing Green Mussel Density for Enhanced Growth and Agar Production in Gracilaria verrucosa Within Extensive Pond Aquaculture

Gracilaria verrucosa, a red alga that is used in the manufacturing of agar, has a significant impact on coastal ecosystems and is important in several industrial uses. This study examines the effects of different densities (10, 20, and 30 individuals) of green mussels (Perna viridis) on the growth, agar yield, viscosity, gel strength, and ability to remove lead from water in brackish water pond systems. The research used a randomized complete block design with three replications. The findings indicate that the density of green mussels does not have a substantial impact on agar production, gel strength, or the effectiveness of lead removal. The density of green mussels affects the daily growth rate (DSGR) and viscosity. Lower densities (10 mussels) show better early performance, but these differences diminish over time. The presence of consistent salt levels indicates that salinity has less impact on production outcomes. This study elucidates the dynamics between algae and mussels in aquaculture systems, providing recommendations for enhancing production practices and implementing bioremediation strategies.

Andi Rahmad Rahim, Rosmarlinasiah, Rahmad Jumadi, Slamet Asari and Dwi Retnaningtyas Utami

Assessment of Physico-Chemical Properties of Sewage Sludge and Unlocking Its Prospect as a Powerhouse of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria

Sewage sludge is a reservoir of pharmaceutically active compounds (Antibiotics), antibiotic-resistant genes and antibiotic-resistant bacteria, a potential risk to mankind and the environment. This study unravels the physicochemical aspects of sewage sludge and its valorization using bio-remediation. Assessment of physico-chemical parameters was conclusive of the fact that sludge samples were enriched with inorganic components (Chloride, Phosphate and Sulfate) and organic constituents. Sludge samples were found to be contaminated with heavy metals Cr (12.69 mg.kg-1), As (1.23 mg.kg-1), Se (0.86 mg.kg-1), Hg (1.49 mg.kg-1), and Pb (30.32 mg.kg-1), with non-adherence to prescribed limits (Haryana State Pollution Control Board). Screening for bacterial isolates capable of utilizing Cephalosporin (Cefixime:200mg) as their sole source of carbon and energy was carried out. 5 isolates exhibiting fastidious growth were characterized as Bacillus sp., Escherichia sp., Pseudomonas sp., Streptococcus sp. and Enterobacter sp. Noteworthy is the fact, isolates exhibited a broad range of tolerance as reflected by Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). This was carried out by the Agar dilution method using cefixime (10-100 mg.L-1). 0.03, 0.05, 0.07, 0.06 and 0.09% w/v were the respective Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) range. The isolate with maximum tolerance to cefixime was subjected to 16S rDNA sequencing and characterized as Enterobacter SCef1.

Sonali Bhambhani, Sushma Gautam, Jyoti Sharma and Neha Sharma

Impact of Air Pollution on Human Health: A Comprehensive Analysis in the Case of Pristina City, Kosovo

Air pollution in Pristina presents a significant environmental and health concern, directly affecting the quality of life of its citizens. High concentrations of pollutants such as PM10, PM2.5, and NO2 indicate the impact of traffic, fuel combustion, and industrial activities, which are the main sources of pollution in this area. This study is based on air quality monitoring data provided by the Hydrometeorological Institute of Kosovo for the period of 2020–2023. The concentrations of key pollutants (PM10, PM2.5, NO2, O3, SO2, and CO) were analyzed at two different locations: Pristina (a high-pollution area) and Brezovica (a clean-air area). The findings show that Pristina consistently records higher pollutant concentrations, particularly during winter, owing to fossil fuel combustion and traffic emissions. The highest levels of fine particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) were observed in the cold months, whereas ozone (O3) reached peak values during summer owing to photochemical reactions. In contrast, Brezovica maintained relatively low pollution levels, but its cleaner atmosphere favored the formation of secondary pollutants, such as ozone. The comparative analysis over the years suggests a persistent pollution problem in Pristina, necessitating immediate interventions. These results highlight the urgent need for effective pollution control measures by local authorities. Strategies such as traffic management, establishment of low-emission zones, and promotion of sustainable transportation, including electric buses and bicycles, could significantly improve air quality. Continuous air quality monitoring is essential for realtime assessments and policy effectiveness. Only through a collective and science-based approach can air quality improvement and public health protection be achieved in China.

Lulzim Millaku, Resmije Imeri and Kasum Letaj

System Dynamics for Enhancing Urban Mobility in India: Solution for Traffic Congestion and Carbon Emissions

India is a decisive player in the global economic platform and continues to hold its standing as the fastest-growing major economy. The rapid rise in population growth, the surge in vehicular traffic, and the establishment of small-scale industries are leading to a deteriorating environment, road accidents, worsening traffic congestion, and inequality in access to mobility in Indian cities. Better urban mobility can play a major role in unlocking the Indian cities’ potential. In this paper, a system dynamics-based sustainable urban transportation model is designed and developed to reduce total vehicle population, carbon emissions, and road traffic congestion by monitoring the impact of five formulated and generated policy scenario maps. The system dynamics approach is a computer-aided approach based on causal feedback structure and feedback dynamics. The model incorporates seven submodels: total population, gross domestic product, environmental impact, total vehicle population, road transport demand, road transport infrastructure, and road traffic congestion. The factor of policy scenario implication is selected as a control variable within the model simulation framework. The model simulation results indicate that a powerful endorsement policy scenario map can lead to a decrease in the total number of vehicles, which in turn promotes the rapid adoption of sustainable technologies, such as electric vehicles. This model also contributes to enhancing urban mobility in India by creating a sustainable urban transportation system and achieving carbon neutrality.

Aditi Rajput and Madhuri Jain

Preparation of Nanofertilizer from Biogenic Zn-Nanoparticles Synthesized by Azotobacter spp. and its Impact on Growth Promotion of Coriandrum sativum

Two isolates of Azotobacter spp. were isolated from the agricultural soil habitat of Jejuri village, Pune, Maharashtra, and identified using morphological characterization and biochemical tests. Zinc nanoparticles (Zn NPS) were synthesized from Azotobacter spp. and characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and FESEM. XRD analysis showed the nanocrystalline form of zinc oxide NPs, and the Scherrer equation determined a mean crystallite size of approximately 42 nm. The FESEM spectra revealed the spherical shape and agglomeration of the biosynthesized nanoparticles. Various functional groups were involved in the capping and stabilization of the zinc oxide NPs, as confirmed by FTIR analysis. A pot experiment was conducted to study the effect of nanofertilizer prepared from zinc nanoparticles on parameters such as plant height, shoot length, root length, and dry leaf weight of Coriandrum sativum (coriander plant). In addition, parameters such as photosynthetic pigments, hormones, sugars, polyphenols, and proteins were tested. Mean values of measurements recorded on the 9th, 10th, 11th, and 12th days, along with standard deviation (SD) and percentage gain relative to the control measurements, were computed and reported. On the 12th day, the increase in height of the plant, length of the shoot, length of the root, and dry weight of the leaves in percentage were 9.24, 9.84, 10.86, and 11.71, respectively. On the 9th, 10th, and 11th days, the growth pattern was the same. To strengthen these results, advanced statistical analysis, such as analysis of variance (ANOVA), was performed and found that the growth in height of the plant, length of the shoot, length of the root, and weight of dry leaves significantly increased with respect to increasing days as well as increasing concentrations of nano fertilizer. Furthermore, to test significant differences in the mean chlorophyll content of both types of chlorophyll ‘a’ and chlorophyll ‘b’, a t-test for equality of population means was applied, and the results are reported. The results revealed that the nanofertilizer enhanced plant growth and health.

Mukund Ambawade, Shreya Tapshale, Pranjal Ghone, Dipak Patil and Sharda Gadale

Biohydrogen Production Potential from Organic Waste in Balinese Markets and Utilization of Residual Byproducts for Polluted Water Treatment

The effective management of organic waste from plant residues and food materials is essential for sustainable environmental practices and energy generation, particularly through the production of biohydrogen. This process involves the anaerobic digestion of organic waste, which can yield biogas primarily composed of methane at neutral pH levels. In contrast, an acidic environment (pH 4-5) promotes the generation of biohydrogen, a renewable energy source that contributes to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Biohydrogen offers numerous advantages, including high energy efficiency, renewability, and environmental safety, as its combustion results in the release of only heat and water vapor, thus avoiding harmful effects associated with conventional fossil fuels. This study investigates the influence of various inoculum types on hydrogen gas production from organic waste, focusing on optimizing conditions for biohydrogen yield. Additionally, it explores the potential of residues from biohydrogen production as biodegradable agents for improving water quality. The findings highlight the efficacy of enzyme extracts derived from biohydrogen production residues in reducing key water quality parameters, such as Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), and Total Suspended Solids (TSS). By integrating sustainability principles, this research advocates for the recycling of biohydrogen residues as eco-friendly alternatives to conventional chemical treatments, thus contributing to both energy generation and environmental remediation efforts.

Wayan Budiarsa Suyasa, I Nengah Simpen, I. G. A. Kunti Sri Panca Dewi and N. G. A. Made Dwi Adi Suastuti

Comparative Assessment of Pollution Indices of Selected Tree Species in Urban, Industrial, Institutional and Agricultural Setups at Sonipat, Haryana, India

The Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) and Anticipated Performance Index (API) of Azadirachta indica, Ficus benghalensis, and Ficus religiosa were compared to assess their tolerance to air pollution in different environmental setups. The study was conducted at six different locations with different environmental setups, including Urban, Industrial, Institutional and Agricultural. The parameters used for APTI were pH, relative water content, total chlorophyll content, and ascorbic acid content in the leaves, while API was calculated using APTI along with the socio-economic characteristics of the targeted species. Three species were selected, with nine replicates of each species from each setup (i.e., 6×9×3, which means a total of 162 samples) were analyzed for APTI during the winter season, when there is a lower mixing height that prevents the dispersion of pollutants and makes the environment highly polluted, and trees show high tolerance in a polluted environment. The APTI values of all the targeted species were higher in industrial setups than in the other environmental setups, i.e., 20.42 ± 1.65 for A. indica, 14.75 ± 0.53 for F. benghalensis, and 13.39 ± 1.11 for F. religiosa. The sample t-test showed a significant difference in the APTI of the industrial setup and other setups (p=0.0000). A. indica was found to be a tolerant species, and F. benghalensis and F. religiosa were intermediate-tolerant species based on APTI. F. benghalensis and F. religiosa fall under the excellent and A. indica falls under the very good category based on API. Based on these two indices, the best tree species were identified for plantation and the abatement of air pollution in industrial areas.

Rimpi Antil, Nisha Kumari and Dharmendra Singh

Flood Risk Modelling Based on Machine Learning Using Google Earth Engine in Hulu Sungai Utara Regency

Flood risk modeling is essential for effective disaster mitigation, particularly in flood-prone areas such as Hulu Sungai Utara Regency, Indonesia. This study leverages Google Earth Engine (GEE) to integrate multi-source satellite data and machine learning techniques for flood susceptibility mapping. Key geospatial variables, including the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), elevation, distance from rivers, and the Topographic Position Index (TPI), were analyzed using a weighted overlay method within GEE. A supervised classification approach was employed to enhance accuracy, and validation was performed using historical flood event data. The results indicate that 51.66% (47,875.86 ha) of the study area falls into the low-risk category, 42.90% (39,763.08 ha) is at moderate risk, and 5.44% (5,040.36 ha) is highly susceptible to flooding. This study highlights the advantages of GEE in large-scale flood risk assessments by enabling real-time processing, high computational efficiency, and seamless integration of geospatial datasets. The findings provide critical insights for local governments and disaster management agencies to develop proactive flood mitigation strategies.

Krisna Aditya, Ichsan Ridwan and Nurlina

Reactive Extraction of Acetic Acid from Aqueous Sodium Acetate Waste

The recovery of acetic acid from aqueous sodium acetate using traditional methods is costly and energy-intensive. The current study focuses on exploring a synergetic reactive extraction methodology to extract acetic acid from aqueous sodium acetate waste. Physical extraction experiments demonstrated that methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) and xylene are effective diluents among MIBK, xylene, octanol, and toluene. The extraction efficiency was further enhanced by adding Aliquat 336 as an extractant and MIBK and xylene diluents in independent runs. Parameters such as the initial acid concentration in the aqueous phase, Aliquat 336 concentration in the organic phase, and temperature of the reaction mixture were investigated to optimize the operating conditions. Under all conditions, MIBK yielded better results than the other solvents. For a high acid concentration in the aqueous phase (0.5 moL.L-1), a 60% extraction efficiency was observed in the physical extraction experiment. The addition of Aliquat 336 as an extractant (0.729 moL.L-1) to the mixture under identical experimental conditions resulted in a 73% extraction efficiency. Average extraction improved by 10% for 0.2-0.5 moL.L-1 of initial acid concentration using reactive extraction technology. Such a recovery from aqueous sodium acetate using reactive extraction has rarely been reported, and hence, it is presented in this paper.

Ganesh Bhoj, Sunita Patil, Sharada Gadale and Shambala Gadekar-Shinde

Determining the Optimal Conditions for Crude Cellulase Production from Fusarium oxysporum Isolated from Native Environments

Cellulase, a key enzyme in breaking down cellulose, has significant applications in biomass, biofuel production, and environmental pollution control. This research investigated the optimization of crude cellulase production from Fusarium oxysporum isolates using solidstate fermentation (SSF). For cellulase production optimization, the fungal isolates were cultured to obtain pure cultures and identified based on genus characteristics. Inoculum was prepared by harvesting spores from Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA). Solid-state fermentation was conducted with agro-based waste materials, including crushed agroresidues: date cores, wild reed, peanut shells, sunflower scales, corn cobs, banana peel, and sawdust, as substrates. Various parameters, including solid substrates, carbon and nitrogen sources, moisture content, incubation temperature and periods, and inoculum size, were optimized for cellulase production. Enzyme activity was measured by carboxymethyl cellulase (CMCase) and filter paperase (FPase) assays. The results showed that ten isolates of Fusarium spp. were identified, with isolate F4 demonstrating superior cellulase production compared to the others. This isolate was identified as Fusarium oxysporum. F4 isolate exhibited the highest cellulase index (CI) and specific activities for CMCase (17.33 U.mg-1) and FPase (8.62 U.mg-1). The optimal SSF conditions included corn cobs as the substrate, 60% moisture, and ammonium sulfate as the nitrogen source, yielding specific activities of 22.93 U.mg-1 (CMCase) and 10.61 U.mg-1 (FPase). The optimal temperature for cellulase production was 25°C, with peak enzyme activity observed after 120 h of incubation. The study’s findings demonstrated the potential of F. oxysporum for efficient cellulase production, particularly from inexpensive agro-residues, highlighting its industrial and environmental significance.

Qays Majeed Issa

Efficacy of Natural Coagulants in Treating Selected Industrial Wastewaters

Natural coagulants are eco-friendly and biodegradable alternatives to conventional inorganic coagulants. However, despite their proven efficiency in several investigations, the widespread adoption of innate natural coagulants for treating water and wastewater remains relatively low. This could be due to several factors, such as regulatory barriers, limited research, lack of awareness, and the need for further optimization of their performance. Industrial effluents contain a range of organic and inorganic substances, biological materials, and toxic compounds that can pose risks to public health and the environment. Traditional inorganic coagulants have been effective in wastewater treatment, but they can alter water characteristics and complicate sludge disposal. Natural coagulants are a potential solution owing to their efficient coagulation properties, lack of adverse effects on water characteristics, eco-friendliness, and biodegradability. Although natural coagulants have demonstrated efficacy in research, they have yet to gain widespread acceptance in the water industry, possibly due to various barriers. Five natural coagulants were screened, and four were used for further studies. A conventional jar test apparatus was used to perform the coagulation experiments. The tested coagulants removed 97% of the turbidity and 30-40% removal of the total dissolved solids and color. The removal of other chemical impurities, along with the aforementioned impurities, was governed by pH. Higher pH values of pharmaceutical wastewater reduced the efficiency of the coagulants. Nevertheless, lower coagulant doses were effective. These findings suggest a sustainable approach for the pretreatment or treatment of industrial wastewater.

Aman Raj, Swathi Dash, Bhuvaneswari Landa and Saritha Vara

Comparative Analysis of CART and Random Forest Classifiers for LULC Mapping: A Case Study of Brahmani-Baitarani River Basin, India

Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) classification is essential for monitoring environmental changes, managing resources, and planning sustainable development. However, accurate classification remains challenging because of the diversity of landscapes and the computational demands of processing large datasets. Among various machine learning (ML) algorithms, such as Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), Support Vector Machines (SVM), Random Forest (RF), and Classification and Regression Trees (CART), RF and CART were chosen for this study because of their robustness, simplicity, and efficiency in handling complex LULC classification tasks. This study focuses on the Brahmani-Baitarani River Basin, a region known for its environmental significance and susceptibility to land-use changes. Using remote sensing data from Landsat 8, Landsat 9, and Sentinel-2 satellites, a comparative analysis of RF and CART was conducted to evaluate their LULC mapping performance. The datasets were processed and analyzed on the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform using multi-temporal image data and advanced filtering techniques. The results revealed that RF consistently delivered higher classification accuracy than CART, making it a reliable choice for LULC studies in dynamic and heterogeneous landscapes. By integrating high-resolution satellite imagery with ML algorithms, this study provided detailed insights into the spatial distribution of land use across the Brahmani-Baitarani Basin. These findings have practical applications in urban planning, natural resource management, and environmental conservation, and offer valuable information for decision-makers and researchers working to address global environmental challenges.

Sonali Kadam, Sangram Patil, Kavita Sawant, Sae Jamdade, Apurva Gadilkar, Chahal Ohri, Namrata Rathi and Jotiram Gujar

Valorization of Agro-Waste Biomass: Impact of Process Conditions on Solid Fuel Properties

Research scientists worldwide are continuously driving innovations toward achieving a safe and healthy environment across the entire ecosystem. An integral component of this pursuit, as captured in SDG-7, is ensuring access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all. The discovery of the vastness of bioresources embedded in agricultural and forestry residues mirrors hope and presents an array of challenges. Over the decades, biomass densification has been implemented to upgrade and consolidate the energy value of loose biomass for industrial and domestic applications. This is projected to mitigate the overreliance on fossil fuels as energy sources. However, the combustion and energy performance of biomass have not sufficiently met the energy mix requirements for extensive renewable energy use. The performance of the compacted material is dependent on the type of binder used in the manufacturing process, among other factors. This study explored the details of the available binders and biomass compositions investigated in previous studies. The authors also reported their performance, primarily regarding energy value and combustible behavior. Limitations such as low yield and low energy content, among other performance-related issues in biomass briquettes, can be highly enhanced with the appropriate selection of biomass and compatible binders. Hence, various research attempts, approaches, and methodologies have been conducted to develop solid fuel, and the binder’s influence on the energy content, density, combustion behavior, and other physical attributes of fuel briquettes has been reported.

Oluwagbenga Tobi Adesina, Williams Kehinde Kupolati, Tamba Jamiru, Emmanuel Rotimi Sadiku, Lodewyke William Beneke and Chibueze Godwin Achi

Prospects of Plant Growth Promoting Bacterium, Bacillus megaterium, for the Biodegradation of Selected Novel Pesticides

Bacillus megaterium, a phosphorus-solubilizing bacterium, has been exploited as a biofertilizer to increase crop yield. Thiamethoxam and chlorantraniliprole are novel insecticides that are applied as granular and foliar formulations for insect pest control. The present study evaluated the potential of B. megaterium for the bioremediation of these novel pesticides in natural and amended soils. The survivability of B. megaterium was studied in a liquid half-strength nutrient broth supplemented with thiamethoxam or chlorantraniliprole (5-100 mg.L-1). In addition, soil microcosm studies were conducted (21 days) to explore the bio-stimulating effect on the degradability of B. megaterium in pesticide-treated soils (@ 10 mg.kg-1) using organic amendments, vermicompost and Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM). The impact of pesticides was evaluated by calculating the enzymatic activities of dehydrogenase, phosphatase, and ?-D-glucosidase. The experimental results revealed that B. megaterium could survive in pesticide-supplemented conditions, with maximum optical densities of 0.734 AU and 0.965 AU at 100 mg.kg-1 for thiamethoxam and chlorantraniliprole, respectively. Furthermore, these B. megaterium cultures also exhibited colony-forming units when plated on nutrient agar supplemented with thiamethoxam (21 × 105) and chlorantraniliprole (43 × 105) at the end of 21 days, indicating their adaptability. The soil application of B. megaterium combined with vermicompost or VAM exhibited higher degradation efficiency for thiamethoxam (2.61 and 2.16 mg.kg-1) and chlorantraniliprole (2.58 and 3.92 mg.kg-1), resulting in rapid degradation. The observed half-life values in these combined treatments were 11-12 days (thiamethoxam) and 11 and 15 days (chlorantraniliprole), which were on par with each other and significantly differed (two-factor ANOVA, p<0.05) when compared to natural attenuation (29–35 days). The enzymatic activity was negatively impacted for all enzymes under study. However, vermicompost amendments can recover enzymatic activity over time. Thus, B. megaterium has the potential to bioremediate thiamethoxam and chlorantraniliprole, and the application of soil amendments can reduce the sublethal effects of these pesticides.

Sridevi Tutika and Himabindu V.

Exploring the Relationship Between ICT and Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Middle East and North African (MENA) Countries: A Panel ARDL-PMG Analysis

The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region faces significant challenges in sustainable development, digital technological advancement, and environmental protection, especially as pollution sources continue to increase and diversify. As MENA countries aim for economic progress, it is essential to understand how digital technological advancements impact their environment. Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) are vital for improving productivity and achieving development goals; however, they can also lead to pollution and increased CO2 emissions owing to their energy consumption and creation of electronic waste. Therefore, this study examined the short- and long-term effects of ICT, economic growth, institutions, population, non-renewable energy, and financial development on CO2 emissions in MENA countries from 2003 to 2021. This study investigates how ICT interacts with institutions and populations and explores how these interactions affect CO2 emissions. We used the panel autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL-PMG) model because it tests both short- and long-term effects. Additionally, it is effective with small sample sizes, making it ideal for our study, which includes only 11 countries. Our findings show that CO2 emissions are significantly affected, in the short and long terms, by ICT, economic growth, population size, and non-renewable energy. In contrast, effective institutions contribute to reducing emissions. Based on these findings, we offer economic recommendations to support sustainable development in the MENA region, aiming to balance technological advancement with the urgent need to address climate change and reduce CO2 emissions. Policymakers should integrate ICT with renewable energy, invest in sustainable sources, and enhance green technology regulations. Strengthening education on sustainable ICT practices and implementing energy efficiency policies will help reduce CO2 emissions in the MENA region.

Kahouli Zohra

ConForMiSt: A Multi-model Dual-phase Framework Utilizing Machine Learning for Carbon Footprint Prediction and Reinforcement Learning for Decision Optimization

Over the past decade, there has been a significant surge in harmful waste emissions of greenhouse gases, namely carbon dioxide, methane, and fluorinated gases, in the atmosphere. Two major categories of activities can be broadly identified as contributing to this condition. The first is the proliferation of worldwide industrial activity, as accounted for by industrial plants across all major continents. Second, human activity contributes to carbon emissions produced as a result of wide-ranging everyday activities that involve the use of electricity, transportation, food consumption, and other consumer-mindset-driven activities. This study focuses on the second category to build a dual-stage framework that will assess, evaluate, and recommend suitable mitigation measures to regulate usage patterns. The dual-stage approach is a novelty based on sound engineering principles. Carbon emission data gathered by the system were analyzed to detect footprint generation patterns using mathematical models. After the analysis, machine learning models selected from rigorous performance metrics (MAE, RMSE) were leveraged to predict the carbon footprint in the first stage. The second stage employs a reinforcement learning framework that captures several aspects of emissions in a ‘state’ and is used to analyze predictions and generate recommendations considering user preferences. The ability to absorb user goals for emission data is a strength. This unique finer engineering of state representation exemplifies experimental data that show minimal variation in state goal values within 2000 steps. A web application was developed to visualize various aspects, such as usage patterns and predictions. The user interface provides interventional, specific, and personalized recommendations. These aspects are then utilized to provide insights at the aggregated level in the context of a group of individuals, which is yet another strength of this framework. The extensibility of the proposed methodology for carbon emission mitigation for higher aggregated levels is demonstrated by an exemplar ‘location statistic’ radar chart in the context of the vehicle and electrical appliances categories.

Sumukh R. Kashi , Yashas Surendra† , H. R Vineeth and K. S. Sowmya

Physico-Chemical Characterization and Spatio-Temporal Variation of Water Quality in the Sô and Djonou Rivers Tributary to Lake Nokoué in West Africa

This study aims to quantify nutrient inputs from the collection of water quality data at twelve (12) sites over twelve months (January 2023 to December 2023). A total of twenty-one water pollution indicator parameters were monitored. An inventory of anthropogenic pressures on the two tributaries (Sô and Djonou) was used to define the points at which water samples would be collected in the field. Physico-chemical parameters were analysed using molecular absorption spectrometry (HACH DR 5000). TMEs were detected and quantified in the water using atomic absorption spectrometry. The results of the laboratory analyses indicate non-compliance with Bénin's wastewater quality standards and France's Environmental Quality Directives (NQE), resulting in physico-chemical pollution of the water in the two rivers. Nitrogen pollution was observed, with total nitrogen levels ranging from 0.18 to 8.25 mg/L (Djonou) and from 0.03 to 10.89 mg/L (Sô). Then there is phosphorus pollution, with total phosphorus levels ranging from 0 to 2.14 mg/L (Djonou) and from 0 to 2.45 mg/L (Sô). These two types of pollution observed resulted in algal pollution with chlorophyll a varying from 0 to 4.01 mg/L (Djonou) and from 0 to 3.36 mg/L (Sô). Cadmium (Cd) varied from 0.01 to 0.24 mg/L (Djonou) and from 0 to 0.10 mg/L (Sô), and lead (Pb) varied from 0.01 to 0.35 mg/L (Djonou) and from 0 to 0.04 mg/L (Sô). The correlation matrix and the PCA carried out on the mean annual values of the parameters reveal that in the dry season the water in the Sô and Djonou rivers is rich in Biochemical Oxygen Demand after Five Days (BOD5), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Cadmium (Cd), Conductivity, Nitrites (NO2-) and Salinity, in contrast to the water in the rainy season, which is rich in Total phosphorus, Phosphates( PO42-), Nitrogen Total (NT), Ammonium (NH4+) and Nitrates (NO3-). These types of pollution will cause eutrophication and poisoning of fish stocks in the two tributaries. It is therefore necessary to monitor these parameters over a longer period of time in order to model water quality in these tributaries and avoid major environmental and health problems.

Wilfrid Noudéhouénou Atchichoe, Flavien Edia Dovonou, Firmin Mahoutin Adandedji and Firmin Sèdomonhan Eninhou

A Comparative Study of Statistical and Machine Learning Modelling Techniques in Air Pollution Data

Different approaches are being adopted in practice for determining models for given time series. The approaches can be categorized broadly into three, viz., statistical, machine learning and deep learning. Since they differ with respect to their theoretical base, their outcomes also differ. Decision-making based on the values predicted from the time series models seeks the accuracy of the forecast values. This paper studies the effectiveness of the three approaches by comparing the performance of the autoregressive moving average method developed by applying statistical principles, the Facebook Prophet method developed from a Machine Learning approach and the long short-term memory method developed from deep learning. The study is carried out for real data of time series of air quality indices.

Sumithra Palraj, Loganathan Appaia, Deneshkumar Venugopal and Gunasekaran Munian

Formulation of Indigenous Trichoderma harzianum Th-B18 on the Growth and Yield of Shallot (Allium ascalonicum L.) in Pb-Contaminated Media

This study was conducted to test several indigenous Trichoderma harzianum Th-B18 formulations to determine their effects on the growth and yield of shallots on Pb-contaminated land, in an effort to increase shallot productivity. This study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with a single factor with four levels. The treatment of T. harzianum ThB18 formulations were tested on shallots planted in polybags contaminated with lead, namely control (without treatment; indigenous T. harzianum formulation in the form of Breynia androgyna (sweet leaf) pellets, dose 3 g.polybag-1; indigenous T. harzianum ThB18 formulation in the form of dry corn rice, dose 3 g.polybag-1; commercial Trichoderma formulation in the form of solution, 10 mL.polybag-1, all of which were applied 0 days after planting. The treatment of the indigenous Trichoderma harzianum Th-B18 fungi formulation had a significantly different effect on the leaf length variable. In the observation of leaf length 14 and 63 days after planting, the formulation of T. harzianum Th-B18 sweet leaf pellets 3 g. polybag-1 (+ 10 grains)showed the longest leaf length and was significantly different from the treatment without T. harzianum Th-B18, formulation of T. harzianum Th-B18 solid dry corn 3 g.polybag-1 and liquid formulation of T. harzianum commercial product 100 mL.polybag-1. The best formulation of indigenous T. harzianum Th-B18 fungus on the growth and yield of shallots on Pb-contaminated land was the formulation of T. harzianum Th-B18 sweet leaf (Sauropus androgynous) pellets 3 g.polybag-1.

Oetami Dwi Hajoeningtijas, Teguh Pribadi, Hamami Alfasani Dewanto, Noor Faizul Hadry Nordin and Raidar Tri Sagita

A Modification of the K-Nearest Neighbor Algorithm in the Assessment of Water Potability

Water potability is crucial for public health, as access to clean and safe drinking water is vital for the prevention of waterborne diseases and promotion of overall well-being. Contaminated water poses significant health hazards, including gastrointestinal infections, chronic diseases, and potential outbreaks of life-threatening ailments, such as cholera. Dependable evaluation techniques are essential for detecting hazardous water sources and facilitating prompt action to reduce the hazards. In recent years, machine learning techniques have been versatile in solving classification problems, as they can analyze and discover hidden patterns in datasets that may be too complex for the human mind. In this study, we applied several machine learning techniques to predict the potability of a water body and attempted to modify one of these methods. The objective is to evaluate the models by testing their accuracy and propose a new model that is more advanced in terms of accurate prediction than the previous models. A dataset composed of nine features of a water body was used to examine the efficiency of the models in assessing water quality. By presenting a detailed comparison of the methods and results, we unlock a path for further modifications in the future, with the aim of further enhancing the performance and accuracy of the model.

Tanveer Ahmed Khan Fahim, Hasan Mahdi Mahi and Adeeb Shahriar Zaman

Intervention and Optimization of Urea (CH4N2O) for Enhancement of Lignocellulolytic Enzyme Production in Modified Potato Dextrose Media

The management of agricultural waste material or lignocellulosic biomass is a big task for scientists as well as farmers. There are many options for managing agricultural waste through ex-situ and in-situ technology, but the rate of degradation of crop residues is very slow during either of the processes. Utilization of the lignocellulolytic fungi can help to enhance the rate of degradation of crop residues. This study investigates the optimization of urea concentration for lignocellulolytic enzyme production using modified Potato Dextrose Broth (PDB) media. The four lignocellulolytic fungal strains (Aspergillus niger GKH2, Aspergillus flavus GHR4, Aspergillus terreus GD2, and Trichoderma harzianum JLB) were used for the optimization of varying urea concentrations to enhance enzyme production. The effect of different concentrations of urea on various enzyme productions was checked. Results revealed that supplementation of media with 2% urea concentration was found to be best for the enzyme production by all fungi. The study was conducted in view of the wide C: N ratio of rice straw, which restricts fungal growth due to the immobilization of nitrogen source. When nitrogen source is applied appropriately in the form of urea, it can balance the C: N ratio, encourage fungal growth, and facilitate ex-situ and in-situ degradation of paddy straw. The results demonstrate that 2% urea concentration significantly enhances enzyme activity, suggesting a cost-effective strategy for boosting fungal lignocellulose-degrading capabilities, which could contribute to sustainable agricultural residue management and soil health.

Jagdish Parshad, Ravinder Kumar, Ajay Kuma , Vinod Chhokar and Anil Kumar

Assessing Soil Health Through Multivariate Analysis: A Focus on Durian Cultivation in Cho Lach, Ben Tre Province, Vietnam

Monitoring and evaluating soil quality is a trend in precision farming and sustainable agricultural management. This study used multivariate analysis to evaluate soil quality in durian-growing areas in Ben Tre, Vietnam. Twelve representative composite soil samples were collected, and nine selected soil indices were determined, including pH, EC, TOC, Bulk density, available phosphorus, NH4 + , CEC, clay content, humus content, and waterholding capacity. The dataset was transformed into new variables using principal component analysis (PCA), deriving relative weights (Wi) and soil normalization scores (Si), which were subsequently used to determine the soil quality index (SQI). The results of the study identified the MDS set consisting of three principal components that explained 84.33% of the variance in the dataset. The three indicators (including % clay, EC, and available phosphorus) represented the principal components. The current SQI of the study area was mostly at the average level (accounting for 83.3% of the area). The results of the SQI calculation based on PCA can help save time, reduce laboratory work costs, and support precise and efficient agricultural management.

Nguyen Van Phuong

Assessment of Pollution Load Index and Possible Ecological Risks of Heavy Metal Pollution on Petroleum Products Workers

Occupational workers handling cooking gas and heating kerosene in open yards may be exposed to various heavy metal ions emitted from these petroleum products. This study aimed to assess the blood concentrations of lead (Pb), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) among workers from 8 randomly selected petroleum product yards in Baghdad Province, Iraq, between January and May 2024. A total of 30 workers, with varying durations of employment, were included in the study, alongside a control group of 20 individuals., Additionally, soil samples from all sites were collected to evaluate heavy metal contamination and determine the Pollution Load Index (PLI) using a flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The obtained results indicated that the soil at all study sites was classified as having deteriorated on-site quality due to heavy metal contamination. No significant correlation was observed between age and blood heavy metal concentrations. However, there were highly significant differences (P?0.001) in the concentrations of all examined heavy metals between occupational workers and the control group. The mean blood concentrations in the control sample were 15.335±3.299 µg.dL-1 of Pb, 125.55±22.377 µg.dL-1 of Cu and 99.1± 13.824 µg.dL-1 of Zn, while in workers, they were 52.4±5.516 µg.dL-1 of Pb, 157.3± 22.569 µg.dL-1 of Cu and 114.93±12.686 µg.dL-1 of Zn. This also identified a significant association (P?0.01) between smoking and increased blood heavy metal concentrations. Smoking workers exhibited significantly higher heavy metal levels (P?0.05) compared to nonsmokers. The duration of employment had a clear and significant (P?0.01) impact on blood heavy metal levels. Yet, significant differences were found in some hematological parameters of workers via complete blood count. In conclusion, the findings confirm that soil at all study sites was polluted with heavy metals, which posed health risks to workers who came into direct contact with petroleum products, as reflected in their altered blood parameters.

Sufyan Mohammed Shartooh

Implementation of Syzygium cumini Garden Waste Biochar as a Sustainable Source for the Synthesis of Paints and Pigments

With increasing concerns about environmental degradation and the need for sustainable alternatives, the repurposing of organic waste materials, such as garden waste biochar, is considered a feasible opportunity to mitigate waste accumulation by creating value-added products. The present research study aims to identify the potential and investigate the feasibility of utilizing Syzygium cumini garden waste biochar as a sustainable source for pigment and paint formation. Biochar was produced from garden waste via carbonization, highlighting its chemical composition and physical properties that are conducive to the development of pigments and paints. Furthermore, this study examined various extraction techniques to isolate pigments from biochar by assessing their color properties, stability, and compatibility with paint formulations. These findings suggest that Syzygium cumini garden waste biochar holds promise as a sustainable source for pigment and paint formation, offering environmental benefits and contributing to the circular economy. In the case of feedderived pigments, the Syzygium cumini biochar-based pigment exhibited a comparatively better color intensity. Spectrophotometric analysis indicated high color retention and stability over time, suggesting its viability for various applications in the paint and dye industries. This establishes the novelty of this work, as commercial pigments are oil-based products that generate carbon footprints. This study contributes to the growing body of knowledge on sustainable material utilization and provides insights for the development of eco-friendly paint products in the construction and coatings industries.

Gaurav R. Hanwatkar, Ganesh R. Kale and Ratnadip R. Joshi

Analysis of Coastline Changes in Padang Pariaman Regency, Indonesia: The Influence of Hydro-Oceanographic, Anthropogenic and Sedimentation Factors on Coastal Dynamics

Shoreline changes on the coast of Padang Pariaman Regency are influenced by hydrooceanographic and anthropogenic factors. Each village has different dominant factors. This research aims to 1. Analyze the contributing factors to changes in the village-by-village coastline. 2. Analyzing changes in village-by-village land cover in coastal areas. 3. Analyzing existing coastal protection buildings in each village. 4. Analyze the sedimentation contributions from the Limau and Batang Anai Rivers. This research uses a panel data regression method to determine the factors that influence shoreline changes, the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) to determine shoreline changes, SAS Planet image analysis to calculate coastal protection structures, and the Jaelani algorithm to analyze sediment concentration. The study revealed that vegetation loss in Katapiang, Pilubang, Ulakan, and Tapakis villages significantly threatens coastal stability. Ineffective coastal protection exacerbates abrasion in these regions. Additionally, climate change increases the risk of threats to coastal areas. Land use changes in the watershed transport sediment to the estuary, causing coastal accretion and increasing the land area around Gisik Shoal. Overall, the coastline at the mouth of the Limau Watershed experienced more dominant accretion than abrasion owing to the high sedimentation process that occurred in 2003-2018. Simultaneously, the dominant shoreline change that occurred in the Batang Anai watershed is (abrasion). Each village has a different dominant shoreline change factor. Therefore, the solution applies to each region. Stakeholders must understand this condition to manage coastal areas more effectively.

Widya Prarikeslan, Nurhasan Syah, Rery Novio and Surya Hafizh

Isolation and Characterization of an Arsenic-Resistant Bacterial Strain from Changki, Nagaland

The present study focused on isolating arsenic (As)-resistant bacterium from acid mine tailings of Changki, Nagaland, and evaluating its bioremediation potential. Isolation was performed using an enrichment culture approach and further characterized using standard procedures. The obtained bacterial strain AS3 was found to be resistant to As3+ and As5+ ions up to 1562 ?g.mL-1 and 125000 ?g.mL-1, respectively. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of the strain was found to be identical to that of Lysinibacillus sp. The growth behavior of the strain in the presence of selected heavy metals (HMs) showed a prolonged lag phase, especially in As5+. Moreover, the strain was found to be resistant to several antibiotics. SEM and EDX analyses revealed the presence of HM ions on the outer surface of the AS3 strain. The available functional groups on the surface of the AS3 strain cells engaged in the metal-binding process were identified using FTIR, suggesting their active participation in adsorption. AAS showed that the strain had the potential to remove As3+ and As5+ ions with removal efficiencies of 99.94% and 99.49%, respectively. Based on the findings, the strain exhibits intriguing biotechnological potential for HM bioremediation.

Bhagyudoy Gogoi, Pranjal Bharali, D. Ramachandran, Bhrigupoti Hazarika and Palash Debnath

Virtual Reality for Assessing Willingness to Accept Compensation: An Exploratory Study of New Airport Noise Impact in Chiang Mai, Thailand

This exploratory study investigated virtual reality (VR) as a potentially more efficient tool for willingness to accept (WTA) compensation assessment in Thailand, as conventional contingent valuation methods (CVM) could be limited in assessing WTA for aircraft noise, which is vital, especially in the context of airport development. A comparative study (n=140) near a proposed new airport in Chiang Mai divided participants into VR and non-VR groups. Using a linear mixed model, the total WTA of the VR group was significantly higher, and the variance varied with noise intensity. Furthermore, VR’s impact on WTA interacted significantly with gender, age, and educational level. Among the main drawbacks were the efficiency of the VR device, the noise model from an actual airport, and the lack of evaluation of prior VR experience or any adverse effects related to VR. Future research should consider these elements, investigate different VR configurations, and examine more general environmental influences to create more comprehensive policies.

Teerapat Khowluang and Preda Pichayapan

An Analytical Investigation of Urban Expansion Patterns in the Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority (KMDA) Region Using Geoinformatics

Urban expansion has been significant and rapid over the last 30 years, with the outward growth of the Kolkata Metropolitan Area (KMA). Much of this growth has followed a low-density, disparate development pattern, commonly known as urban sprawl. This study aims to examine the spatial expansion pattern in the Kolkata Metropolitan Development Area (KMDA) between 1990 and 2020 through the application of advanced geoinformatics tools and spatial metrics. We analyzed Landsat Satellite images from 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2020 to evaluate urban areas, including their extent and trends. Patterns of directional expansion, assessed using standard deviation ellipses and wedge analysis, showed a clear north-to-south axis of growth in the study area. The expansion of urbanization by 2020 was therefore more concentrated in the south-western region. Urban growth rates were measured using the Annual Urban Expansion Rate (AUER), Urban Expansion Intensity Index (UEII), and Landscape Expansion Index (LEI). The urban land cover of the study area increased by 446.71 km2 during the study period. The highest growth rate was from 1990 to 2000 (5.42%), followed by a decline in subsequent decades. LEI analysis revealed edge expansion as the prevalent growth type, which is a typical feature of urban sprawl. A mixture of infilling and peripheral growth patterns points to the processes of urban diffusion and clustering. Results for the Department of Labrador were obtained using the Area-Weighted Mean Patch Fractal Dimension (AWMPFD), which classified the urban spatial patterns into four types: major core, secondary core, suburban fringe, and dispersed settlements. Central aggregation and peripheral fragmentation are related straightforwardly. Multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) further confirmed this spatial distribution pattern, which has valuable implications for both resource managers and urban planners.

Ratnadeep Ray, Abhinandan Das, Sameer Algburi, Konia Basu, Mohd Sayeed Ul Hasan, Nehal Ahamed, Ahmed M. Abdulhadi and Ali Majdi

Development of Test Equipment for Particulate Matter Filter Efficiency in Commercial Face Masks

Air pollution caused by particulate matter is a critical global concern. In Thailand, particulate matter levels frequently exceed the standard threshold, particularly in the northern region, where severe haze episodes are common. These levels were notably higher during the early and late parts of the year, particularly in the dry season. Selecting an appropriate face mask is crucial for respiratory protection. To ensure that the mask used provides adequate filtration efficiency, an accessible, cost-effective, and reliable method for performance assessment is essential. This quasi-experimental study developed testing equipment to evaluate the filtration efficiency of particulate matter under simulated breathing conditions, focusing on the performance of the materials used in face mask production. The primary objective of this study was to design and develop testing equipment for comparing the effectiveness of commercial face masks in filtering PM2.5 and PM10. The study also evaluated and compared the filtration efficiencies of three types of commercially available face masks-fabric masks, surgical masks, and KN95 masks-alongside a control scenario without a mask. Data were collected by analyzing the particulate matter across various size ranges. The calibration process employed a reference gravimetric method (NIOSH 0500) to ensure accuracy (±5?viation) and sampling pump airflow rates of 1-2 L.min-1. The results revealed that the KN95 mask exhibited the highest filtration efficiency, with an average particle concentration of 0.489 mg.m- ³ (SD=0.067), followed by surgical masks (0.572 mg.m- ³, SD=0.127) and fabric masks (0.944 mg.m- ³, SD=0.167). Wearing a mask significantly reduced the particulate matter concentrations compared to not wearing a mask (p < 0.001). Addressing Thailand’s severe particulate pollution requires an accessible and cost-effective device for evaluating mask filtration efficiency. Although the equipment used in this study was not industrial-grade, it effectively simulated inhalation conditions. The developed equipment achieved laboratorygrade accuracy, making it suitable for rapid testing in low-resource settings. Its simplified design ensures compliance with the NIOSH Method 0500 standards

Rittikorn Sompan, and Nutthaphong Mated

Effect of Natural Pozzolan on the Stabilization of Two Swelling Soils from the Western Region of Algeria

In recent times, a large number of studies have been carried out on swelling soils. It has been revealed that the swelling phenomenon, which still remains uncontrollable, is causing major disorders in several civil engineering structures around the world. The present study aims primarily to study the stabilization of two swelling clays. The first one comes from the region of M’zila, which is located in the Wilaya (Province) of Mostaganem, while the second is from the region of Bourmadia in the Wilaya of Relizane. This article also presents the results of geotechnical investigations that were carried out on two swelling soils that were treated with natural pozzolan (NP) from the town of Béni-saf, which is situated in north-western Algeria. The geotechnical parameters, such as consistency limits, as well as the proctor compaction test parameters and direct shear test parameters, along with the oedometer swelling test result analysis, were recorded and examined to evaluate the effects of adding different proportions of NP to these swelling soils. The results of the tests showed that several key properties of the above-mentioned soils were significantly enhanced after the introduction of NP. For instance, the rectilinear shear test at the Casagrande box showed that the cohesion coefficients of Bourmadia and M’zila soils containing 10% NP improved by 93.3% and 47.1%, respectively. In addition, the results of the oedometer test to determine the swelling potential indicated that NP was capable of inhibiting the swelling of both clay soils. Overall, the outcomes suggest that NP from the region of Béni-saf has remarkable potential for improving the geotechnical properties of expansive soils that are often encountered during the implementation of many civil engineering structures and construction projects.

Mohamed Benaissa and Yassine Senhadji

Altitude-Induced Variations in Vegetation Characteristics and Soil Properties

Elevational gradients exhibit diverse patterns in species distribution and soil characteristics, creating distinct ecological zones. This paper aims to synthesize current knowledge on the relationships among elevation, environmental factors, plant families, and life forms to uncover the mechanisms driving these patterns. Species richness varies with elevation, with some plants declining while others thrive due to eco-physiological properties and functional traits. The review established that these elevational patterns differ among plant families and life forms. Intermediate elevation transition zones have more diverse floras, temperate species thrive at lower elevations than their primary habitats, and tropical lowland species expand to higher elevations. Climatic conditions, area size, the mid-domain effect, and biophysical processes, particularly water-energy dynamics, are crucial for understanding the intricate relationships between climate and vegetation. Changes in temperature and precipitation along altitudinal gradients significantly impact the attributes of soil. This review emphasizes the importance of microorganisms in nutrient cycling and highlights the adaptability of psychrophilic bacteria and fungi to high-altitude environments. Understanding these complex interactions is essential for predicting the impacts of climate change to ensure the sustainable management of high-altitude ecosystems. Further research into species richness patterns, soil dynamics, and microbial roles is necessary for developing effective conservation strategies and sustainable land management practices.

Moussa Masoud, Hazandy Abdul-Hamid, Johar Bin Mohamed and Attia Alsanousi

High-Resolution Waterlogging Mapping Along Ghazipur Drain in Delhi: A UAV-Based Bathymetric Analysis Approach

Urban waterlogging, especially post-monsoon, exacerbates environmental, economic and public health problems in rapidly urbanizing areas. This study employed UAV-based orthophotography and bathymetric data to examine waterlogging risks along the Ghazipur Drain in Delhi, India. High-resolution Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) with a 5 cm ground sampling?distance and bathymetric profiles revealed considerable drainage losses and sedimentation that reduced channel capacity by 25%. This key finding quantifies the extent of hydraulic degradation and is vital for informing infrastructural needs. A map from the study highlights approximately 1,120 settlements in the low-lying areas, including Kalyan Puri, Jafrabad, Seelampur, and Karawal Nagar, at the highest flood risk during the monsoon months due to poor? drainage and a high degree of urbanization. This highlights the scale of precarious urban living and the demand for action. When combined with bathymetry, UAV data are ?highly beneficial for acquiring the path, elevation, and bottom features of these outflows, revealing issues such as sedimentation and obstacles. Orthophotos (pixel resolution = 0.05 m) provide detailed urban infrastructure visualizations, including drainage systems, to enable site-specific interventions, such as dredging and channel?widening. These high-resolution datasets provide a strong evidence base for operational planning and resource allocation. This method emphasizes the social and?economic implications of waterlogging, such as property damage, transport disruption, and growing health hazards from waterborne diseases, which profoundly impact low- to middle-income communities. As described in this study,?the influence of UAV-bathymetry in urban drainage research can be considerable. This has accurately integrated data from UAVs in flood risk management activities and led to urban systems planning with a higher resilience level. This will translate into actionable insights to improve drainage infrastructure, reduce flood?hazards, and increase urban resilience, which is useful information for planners and policymakers. This result confirms that UAV-bathymetry?is a scalable, precise, and low-cost solution for urban waterlogging in fast-developing cities worldwide.

Monika Tiwari, Smriti Shukla, Kishan Singh Rawat, Varun Narayan Mishra and Sudhir Kumar Singh

Modelling the Future: Groundwater Responses to Climate Change in Talomo-Lipadas Watershed, Davao City, Philippines

This research investigates the long-term impact of climate change on groundwater recharge (seepage) within the Talomo-Lipadas Watershed, Davao City, Philippines, over the next eighty-nine (89) years. Employing the Statistical Downscaling Method (SDSM), stationscale climate scenarios were generated for three future time slices centered on 2020 (2011-20140), 2050 (2041-2070), and 2080 (2071-2100). These scenarios, indicating a projected increase in temperature within the watershed, were then used as input for the BROOK90 hydrological model to simulate groundwater recharge. The modelling results project a decline in groundwater supply from 109.01 million cubic meters (MCM) in 2020 to 103.53 MCM in 2050 and further down to 99.81 MCM by 2080. This projected decrease in groundwater recharge has significant implications beyond just water availability. Reduced groundwater flow can impact baseflow in rivers, affecting aquatic ecosystems and potentially exacerbating water scarcity during dry periods. Decreased recharge also has implications for other water-related sectors, including agriculture (irrigation), industry (water supply), and domestic water use, potentially leading to increased competition for dwindling resources. These findings underscore the urgent need for adaptation strategies to mitigate the effects of climate change on groundwater recharge within the Talomo-Lipadas Watershed. Further research employing diverse hydrological models is recommended to validate these findings and provide a more robust basis for developing sustainable water management plans.

Nympha Ellarina-Branzuela

Estimation of High-Resolution Surface Soil Moisture Through GIS-Based Frequency Ratio Modeling

This article presents a methodology for estimating higher-resolution soil moisture using GIS and frequency ratio (FR) modeling techniques. A global soil moisture database with a 9 km spatial resolution was used as reference data. A total of 283 reference points were selected through spatial fishnet analysis with optimum soil moisture. Eighty percent (80%) of these reference points served as inputs to the FR model, with the remaining twenty percent (20%) reserved for validation. Key independent variables incorporated in the FR modeling process included land use and land cover, soil characteristics, vegetation index, wetness index, surface temperature, rainfall, elevation, slope, and distance from rivers. This research was conducted in the final drainage basin of the Markham River basin. The resulting highresolution surface soil moisture was further classified into five basic zones, namely very low (< 6> 9). The result indicates that almost 26.10% and 56.89% of the Basin area come under high and very high soil moisture zones, respectively. The FR model evinced a prediction accuracy of 93.98% along with a succession rate of 91.59%. These results provide useful data for scientific applications in various domains, specifically in the agricultural sector, local government administrators, researchers, and planners.

Sailesh Samanta

Physico-Chemical Analysis of Asan River Water in the Monsoon Season in Uttarakhand, India

This study focuses on the persistent need for safe drinking water by conducting a seasonal assessment of the Asan River, a tributary of the Yamuna River in Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India. During the monsoon season (July-August) of 2024, five water samples were collected from various locations along a 40 km stretch of the Asan River. The research evaluated thirty physico-chemical and biological parameters, including temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), turbidity, and ion concentrations, along with bacterial counts. The study shows the negative correlation coefficient of -0.811 between temperature and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), suggesting that as temperature increases, BOD tends to decrease. The findings demonstrate the relations between pH and major water quality indicators. The findings emphasize the urgent need for continuous monitoring and effective management of river ecosystems to ensure water quality and public health protection amidst increasing pollution challenges.

Mitasha Kaushik and Manish Sharma

Superficial Urban Heat Island in the City of Santos, Brazil

This contribution estimates the intensity of Urban Heat Island (UHI) during the period 2001 - 2020 for the city of Santos (CS), located in São Paulo, Brazil. The formation of the Surface Urban Heat Island (SUHI) was quantified from 2 methods: the first was Streutker’s method, which adjusts the surface soil temperature (LST) (urban and rural surface) to a Gaussian surface. The second, the quantile method proposed by Jose Flores, uses the difference between the 0.95 quantile of the LST of the urban area and the median of the LST of the rural area. Both methods use remote sensing data of LST at 0.05° resolution, obtained from the MODIS sensor on board the TERRA and AQUA satellites. In general, the quantile method can be used as a complementary analysis to the Streutker method for cities with high LST. The results of the CS analysis, during diurnal periods, indicate maximum values in May (5.09°C) and minimum values in August (3.87°C). During the night period, it presented maximum values in February (3.94°C) and minimum values in August (2.40°C) with the quantile method, and due to its proximity to the Small Ocean, the Streutker method presents interferences.

Julio Angeles Suazo, Roberto Angeles Vasquez, Carmencita Lavado Meza, Nataly Angeles Suazo, Leonel de la Cruz Cerrón, Pabel Meza Mitma, Jose Flores Rojas and Hugo Abi Karam

Assessment of Lead and Cadmium Bioaccumulation by Tilapia, Sarotherodon melanotheron (Rüppell 1852), from the Lake Nokoué Lagoon of Porto-Novo Complex, Benin Republic

Lake Nokoué-lagoon of Porto-Novo complex, as a surface water body, is exposed to heavy pollution whose intensity varies across seasons. The present study aimed to assess the bioaccumulation of lead and cadmium levels by Sarotherodon melanotheron fish, one of the most populated fish in this complex. To this end, fish (muscle, gills, female gonads), water, and sediment were sampled during high-water and low-water. Lead and cadmium were quantified from different samples using flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The health risk associated with fish consumption was estimated. In the water samples, lead concentration was higher during high water (0.106 ± 0.116 mg.L-1), and cadmium was higher during low water (0,010 ± 0,001 mg.L-1). In the sediment samples, lead was higher during high water (13.94 ± 20.79 mg.kg-1), cadmium was higher during low water (0,2 ± 0,06 mg.kg-1). On the other hand, high concentrations of lead and cadmium in fish were found during low water, respectively 27.66 mg.kg-1 and 0.22 mg.kg-1 in the muscle. Cadmium accumulation in fish is influenced by dissolved oxygen and the pH of the water. Consumption of 400 g of Sarotherodon melanotheron fish from this complex per week constitutes a health risk for anyone weighing between 0 and 90 kg.

Gisèle Houédjissi, Maxime Machioud Sangaré-oumar, Prudencio Agbohessi, Chabi Oloushegun Onibon and Jean-Michel Akpo

From Yield to Nutrition: Unpacking the Impacts of the Green Revolution on Public Health

India has experienced periodic famines and droughts that have necessitated food imports. In 1950, the nation was experiencing a shortage of food grains due to the rapidly expanding population, which was placing increasing strain on the agricultural sector. The Green Revolution has contributed to a greater sense of self-assurance in our ability to produce food grains and maintain a balance between population growth and agricultural output. The output of rice and wheat, two important crops, has increased significantly as a result of the Green Revolution, which is its most notable achievement. The first Green Revolution had both positive and negative impacts on society and the environment. Despite the enormous amount of agricultural output, there are concerns regarding the nation’s level of food security. Emerging countries, such as India, have experienced gains in food production worldwide. Several notable negative repercussions of the Green Revolution emerged in the years that followed. Before the Green Revolution, its benefits and drawbacks were not the subject of any independent research. Following the Green Revolution, government activities caused the output of wheat and rice to quadruple, while local rice types and millets experienced a decline in productivity. Consequently, several local crops have perished and are no longer cultivated.

Pooja and Nisha Kumari

Reviving Ecosystems: Vegetation Structure and Biodiversity Recovery in Reclaimed Coal Mining Areas of Kalimantan

Post-mining landscapes in tropical regions often suffer from severe ecological degradation and biodiversity loss, posing long-term challenges to their sustainability. This study investigated vegetation structure and biodiversity recovery across eight reclaimed coal mining sites in Kalimantan, Indonesia, with reclamation ages ranging from 6 to 18 years. A total of 80 stratified vegetation plots (10 × 10 m) were surveyed, recording 46 species from 23 families across the herb, shrub, and tree strata. Key ecological metrics, including the Shannon-Wiener Index (H?), Importance Value Index (IVI), and Sørensen Similarity Index, were applied to assess diversity, dominance, and community similarity. The results indicated that species diversity significantly increased with reclamation age (H? = 1.42–3.11; F = 5.27, p < 0.01), confirming progressive ecosystem recovery. Vegetation similarity across sites remained low (10–57.78%), suggesting diverse successional trajectories. Dominance by Acacia mangium and Albizia chinensis in the upper strata was common, whereas Ottochloa nodosa and Chromolaena odorata contributed to soil stabilization. Fabaceae was the most dominant family, and the critically endangered Peronema canescens was identified, underscoring the conservation potential of reclaimed habitats. Multivariate regression and heatmap analyses revealed that biodiversity (H?) was negatively correlated with rainfall (r = –0.69) and temperature (r = –0.41), and positively correlated with humidity (r = 0.54) and wind speed (r = 0.53). Cluster and NMDS analyses confirmed spatial biodiversity patterns and informed site-specific conservation priorities. Mixed-species revegetation consistently supports higher biodiversity than monoculture. These findings highlight the importance of time, microclimatic regulation, and adaptive species selection in post-mining restoration efforts. By integrating biotic and abiotic interactions, this study provides a robust ecological framework for designing resilient, biodiversity-rich, and self-sustaining reclamation landscapes in the future.

Slamet Isworo, Handung Nuryadi and Poerna Sri Oetari

Calculating the Water Deficit and Surplus in the Levels of the Euphrates River Using the Equations of Ivanov and Najib Kharrufa

The science of hydrology focuses on the earth’s waters, including their occurrence, circulation, and distribution, as well as their physical and chemical characteristics and interactions with the surrounding biological and physical environments, including how they react to human activity. Climate is one of the natural factors that directly or indirectly affect the formation of the hydrological characteristics of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. The data used for the study area included rainfall, evaporation rate, relative humidity, wind speed, length of sunshine hours, Temperature, and water discharge. Data were obtained from NASA, the US National Administration, the Ministry of Water Resources, and the General Authority of Meteorology and Seismic Monitoring from 2013 to 2023. The study area included three stations through which the Euphrates River passes, which is considered one of Iraq’s main rivers. The results obtained using the Ivanov and Najib Kharoufa equations indicate a clear water deficit in the Euphrates River, primarily driven by climatic changes. Notably, reductions in rainfall and increases in evaporation rates have been observed, particularly as the river progresses southward. These climatic changes, such as rising temperatures, increased wind speed and directional variability, higher water surface area exposure, and extended daylight hours, have collectively contributed to significant water losses and a decrease in river discharge. Furthermore, the river’s flow has notably diminished in its southern reaches, where observational stations are located. This is largely due to the region’s low surface gradient, which slows the river’s velocity and exacerbates evaporative losses. In addition to climatic factors, several modern anthropogenic influences have significantly impacted the Euphrates’ flow. Chief among these is the construction of large upstream dams, most notably the Atatürk Dam in Turkey, which has greatly reduced the volume of water reaching downstream countries. The modification and diversion of tributaries and feeder waterways for agricultural irrigation and domestic use have further restricted inflows. Climate change continues to play a critical role by decreasing precipitation and intensifying evaporation, ultimately resulting in substantial losses from both the river and its associated reservoirs. , as it was found that a water deficit occurred in the Hilla, Samawah, and Nasiriyah stations during January, with an average for the period of 10 years and according to the equation Ivanov and respectively -150.5 mm, -166.8 mm and -120.4 mm. The percentage of water deficit, according to the sheep equation for the above stations and for January and the same period, was estimated at -48.5 mm, -46.3 mm, and -41.1 mm, respectively. The primary cause of these water deficits is the high rates of water evaporation observed at the southern stations of the study area, particularly in Samawa and Nasiriya. This is largely attributed to the difference in the angle of incidence of the sun’s rays, which is more oblique in these southern locations compared to the northern stations. Additionally, the increased movement and speed of the wind, particularly in the central and southern regions of the study area, contribute to elevated evaporation rates, leading to higher water losses.

Wedyan G. Nassif, Salam K. Muhammed and Osama T. Al-Taai

A Study of Precipitation Changes from 1990 to 2020 in the Leh District of Ladakh Using Innovative Trend Analysis

Precipitation plays a crucial role in the hydrological cycle and water resource management in climate-sensitive regions. Identifying the long-term changes in precipitation is essential for understanding the regional climate dynamics. The innovative trend analysis (ITA) method was used to study the seasonal and annual trends in precipitation over the Leh district from 1990 to 2020. The ITA results showed a statistically significant negative monotonic trend in annual precipitation at -2.45 mm. On a seasonal scale, the ITA results showed a significant monotonic decreasing trend in precipitation in spring (March-May) (-3.50 mm), winter (December-February) (-2.29 mm), and summer season (June-August) (-2.03 mm); however, the autumn season (September-November) showed a non-monotonic insignificant decreasing trend (-0.05 mm). The winter and spring seasons contributed largely to the overall decline of precipitation. The High coefficients of variation in seasonal data indicate strong interannual variability, and the percentage bias values suggest deviations in seasonal precipitation behaviour. The results highlight a shift toward decline and erratic seasonal rainfall, which can have negative implications for water management in the region. Since the communities in the region depend on winter precipitation (snowfall) for water availability, artificial glaciers are the primary adaptive measures to mitigate water stress. Results from the present study can guide future initiatives aimed at mitigating the implications of changing precipitation on rural livelihoods and other sensitive ecosystems in the Himalayan region.

Padma Namgyal, Shyamal Sarkar and Ramesh Kumar

Population Dynamics and Climate Change in Africa: Evidence from Panel Threshold Regression

Climate change has been mentioned as the crucial international threat in recent years. The analysis of population dynamics and climate change is not a straightforward phenomenon to examine. This study investigates the threshold effect of population dynamics and climate change in 44 African countries. Empirically, this study measures population dynamics using total population, urban population and rural population on climate change. The paper initially tested the variables for unit root testing, and it was discovered that the findings demonstrate that the variables are integrated in both order I(1) and I(0). After, the paper confirmed that there is cointegration linking population dynamics and climate change. The findings of the paper further demonstrated that the effect of population dynamics when using renewable energy as the threshold variable has a nonlinear effect on climate change. African countries must consider managing fast-growing urban populations to lower their destructive impact on climate change. This can be achieved by enhancing the living standards of the rural population to avoid their migration to urban areas.

Teboho. J. Mosikari

Remote Sensing and Machine Learning Approaches for Assessing Environmental Dynamics in the Southeastern Watersheds of Madre de Dios, Peru

This study investigates the dynamics of environmental transformation in the southeastern basins of Madre de Dios, Peru, by integrating multi-spectral remote sensing data with advanced machine learning methodologies. To capture and quantify land surface changes over time, satellite imagery from Landsat and Sentinel missions was utilized to derive key spectral indices—specifically, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI). These indices provided critical insights into vegetation health and surface water distribution. To manage the high dimensionality of the spectral data, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was applied, enabling more efficient data interpretation and visualization. Subsequently, unsupervised K-means clustering was employed to classify land cover types and detect spatial patterns of change without prior labeling. The analysis revealed a significant decline in dense vegetative cover, accompanied by a notable expansion of bare soil and surface water areas. These findings point to accelerating environmental degradation in the region, likely driven by both natural and anthropogenic pressures. The methodological framework adopted in this study demonstrates strong potential for scalable, data-driven environmental monitoring and offers a replicable model for assessing land cover dynamics in other ecologically sensitive regions.

Americo Arizaca-Avalos, Fidel Huisa-Mamani, Emmanuel Hernan Tumy-Gomez, Wilber Pastor-Contreras an

Drought-Induced Shifts in Biomass Allocation and Carbon Sequestration in Arid Zone Tree Species

A rapidly growing population demands greater access to food, feed, and shelter, thereby increasing the strain on natural resources. Human activities, such as converting forests into arable land and increasing CO2 emissions, intensify atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Following a significant increase in atmospheric carbon levels, global temperatures have surged, resulting in frequent droughts worldwide. Drought, a protracted episode of unusually low rainfall, has detrimental effects on ecosystems in dry zones. Reduced growth, altered phenology, and higher tree mortality are the results of physiological and ecological changes. This review focuses on shifts in biomass allocation between aboveground (leaves and stems) and belowground (roots) components. It assesses how these drought-induced changes affect overall tree growth, carbon storage capacity, and long-term resilience. This review aims to identify patterns and knowledge gaps to understand how arid zone forests respond to and influence the global carbon cycle under increasing drought conditions in the future.

Kanwar Bhan Godara, Pankaj Kumar Jain and Prama Esther Soloman

Material Flow Analysis of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment in Zamboanga City, Philippines: Current Practices and Future Opportunities

This study addresses Sustainable Development Goal 12, the management of materials that harm society and the environment. Material Flow Analysis (MFA) of the waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) is are primary requirement for comprehensive monitoring and disposal of electronic waste. In Zamboanga City, Philippines, the collected waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) for 2022 was analyzed and interpreted. The analysis is divided into four primary stages: recycling, disposal, reuse/resell, and storage. According to the findings, 20.02 tons of WEEE were produced, of which 8.01 tons were held, 5.01 tons were recycled or resold, 4.00 tons were reused, and 3.00 tons were disposed of. The composition study of a few chosen WEEE components, such as CPUs, monitors, and printers, reveals significant amounts of recoverable elements, such as iron, aluminum, copper, polymers, and circuit boards. Three types of devices had the highest material recovery efficiency: CPUs (97.607%), displays (91.853%), and printers (98.796%). The study highlights the hazards that informal WEEE processing poses to the environment and public health. It also advocates for regulation and the formal integration of informal sector operations into the WEEE management system. The suggestions include raising public awareness, investing in recycling infrastructure, and enhancing data collection. The study concludes that a comprehensive WEEE management plan supported by robust regulatory frameworks and investments in formal recycling facilities is necessary to balance Zamboanga City’s economic interests, public health, and environmental protection.

Mary Ann Beth L. Kong, Francis Dave C. Siacor, Edwin R. de los Reyes and Gevelyn B. Itao

Wastewater Benzenediol Removal Catalyzed by Crude Arugula Peroxidase

This study explores the potential of arugula (Eruca sativa) as a novel source of peroxidase enzymes for the bioremediation of wastewater containing benzenediol (BZOL) pollutants. The peroxidase was extracted and partially purified from arugula leaves, and its catalytic efficacy was evaluated in the enzymatic degradation of two representative BZOL compounds, resorcinol and catechol. Crude arugula peroxidase (AP) demonstrated significant activity under mild reaction conditions, with optimal pH values identified as 6.1 for resorcinol and 5.7 for catechol removal. Remarkably, near-complete elimination (up to 95%) of both compounds was achieved using minimal reagent concentrations: 0.15% hydrogen peroxide and 0.072 U·mL?¹ enzyme activity over a 3-hour reaction period. Kinetic analyses revealed that the degradation process adhered to pseudo-first-order kinetics, with catechol exhibiting a faster reaction rate compared to resorcinol. These results underscore the efficiency and eco-compatibility of arugula-derived peroxidase as a low-cost, plant-based catalyst for the treatment of aromatic pollutants in wastewater. The findings hold promise for scalable, sustainable bioremediation strategies in environmental engineering.

Hayder Saleem Saleh, Beadaa Abdalqader Mahdii and Bahaa Malik Altahir

Reducing Single-Use Plastic Products in Vietnam Tourism: Case Studies of Quang Nam and Ninh Binh Provinces

Plastic waste (PW) pollution has become a pressing global issue. The tourism sector is significantly affected by PW but is also a major contributor to PW. This is mainly due to the widespread use and disposal of single-use plastic products (SUP). This study examines the current situation of SUP usage in two key tourist destinations in Vietnam, Ninh Binh and Quang Nam provinces, identifies the limitations and challenges faced, and proposes potential solutions. The methods used in this study include desk research, surveys, and interviews with tourists, accommodation establishments, travel agencies, and local communities. The study results indicate that the use of SUP in tourism in Ninh Binh and Quang Nam is still prevalent, with limited awareness among stakeholders of existing legal regulations. Businesses in the tourism sector face numerous difficulties, including financial constraints, a lack of human resources, and limited availability of alternative products. Considering these challenges, several solutions have been proposed, including raising awareness, disseminating policies and laws, promoting green and sustainable tourism practices, implementing guidelines to reduce SUP usage and minimize PW in the tourism industry, and providing support and incentives for tourism businesses to gradually eliminate the use of SUP. Additionally, there is a need for improved policies aimed at reducing SUP usage and minimizing PW in the tourism sector.

Nguyen Trung Thang, Nguyen Thuy Van, Nguyen Thi Ngoc Anh, Duong Thi Phuong Anh and Sunil Herat

Sustainable Waste Management and Environmental Pollution Control Through Catalytic Pyrolysis by Transforming Waste Thermocol into Alternative Fuels

Expanded polystyrene (EPS), known as Thermocol, is a significant environmental concern due to its non-biodegradability and improper disposal, contributing to plastic pollution. Conventional recycling methods are often ineffective, needing a sustainable approach to convert this waste into valuable hydrocarbons. Catalytic pyrolysis offers a promising solution by breaking down waste thermocol into liquid fuels, reducing plastic accumulation while creating alternative energy sources. This study employs a biogas-fired reactor, an ecofriendly heating system, to enhance catalytic pyrolysis using Rice Husk Ash Catalyst (RHC) and Zeolite Catalyst (ZeC). A dual air and water-cooled condenser efficiently separated low and high-boiling hydrocarbons. As the high boiling hydrocarbon yield in liquid formation is higher so it was analyzed. The waste thermocol oil (WTCO) was analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), and elemental analysis to determine its chemical composition and physical properties. The important innovation lies in employing a biogas-fired reactor, reducing carbon emissions, and promoting green energy utilization. RHC reduced the degradation temperature and processing duration, achieving a higher oil yield of 76% with no carbon residue. This in turn produces balanced hydrocarbons like pentane, benzene, and toluene, which predominantly contain higher aliphatic hydrocarbons. In contrast, ZeC enhanced higher cracking activity, generating a higher gas yield of 51% rather than oil yield, and predominantly contains higher aromatic hydrocarbons. WTCO derived from both catalysts exhibited similar properties to diesel, such as high calorific value and optimal density. These findings highlight that catalyst selection enables tailored hydrocarbon production from waste thermocol, advancing sustainable waste management, pollution control, and green fuel development, aligning with global environmental conservation efforts.

V. Elangkathir, P. Premkumar, C.G. Saravanan and S. Kumaravel

Multifunctional and Movable Solar Photovoltaic System for On-Grid and Water Pumping Applications Towards a Carbon-Free Society

This study developed a multifunctional and movable solar PV system with a capacity of 3.3 kWp for on-grid and off-grid applications. The main objective of this study is to reduce diesel consumption in the agricultural water irrigation process, as most farmers depend on diesel-sourced water pumping systems. The agricultural lands in Thailand are widely remote, and electricity access is comparatively low. On the other hand, implementing the solar PV systems for agricultural water pumping is not cost-effective for farmers, as the water pumping requirements are not adequate. Considering the investment cost of the solar water pumping application, a movable solar PV system is designed to operate in on-grid and off-grid conditions. During the on-grid operation, the solar PV system-generated electrical energies are fed to the local grid whenever water pumping is required for farming, the movable solar PV system is detached from the grid and moved to the farming land, where it performs off-grid operation. It is found that a multifunctional solar PV system generates 12.4 kWh, which is fed to the local grid, and during the off-grid operation, the solar PV system generates 9.84 kWh of electrical energy, which yields 236412.97 liters of water. The multifunctional solar PV system significantly reduces 2.68 kg of CO2 and is cost-effective for farmers with environmental benefits.

Pakin Maneechot, Nivadee Klungsida, Thep Kueathaweekun, Jarukit Piboolnaruedom, Narut Butploy, Pobphorn Iamsai and Trairong Pliansaeng

Evaluating the Benefits of Urban Greenery in Urban Heat Island Mitigation: Methods, Indicators and Gaps

Urban Heat Island (UHI) effects pose a significant environmental challenge in contemporary urban planning, driven by accelerating climate change, rapid urban development, and changes in land use patterns. This study explores the potential of urban greenery as a mitigation strategy for UHI by conducting a systematic and bibliometric review of 42 peerreviewed studies, selected using the PRISMA 2020 protocol. A mixed methods approach was employed, integrating a systematic review with a critical content synthesis of selected studies using PRISMA 2020 and bibliometric mapping using VOSviewer (1.6.19). The results indicate that urban greenery, encompassing green roofs, vegetated facades, urban forests, and street trees, plays a critical role in mitigating surface and air temperatures by enhancing evapotranspiration, increasing surface reflectivity (albedo), providing shading, and improving urban ventilation dynamics. Widely used indicators in these studies include Land Surface Temperature, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, and canopy coverage. The bibliometric analysis reveals exponential growth in related publications between 2014 and 2024, is an R2 = 0.8263, along with emerging thematic clusters centered on thermal comfort modeling, nature-based solutions, and urban climate resilience. China, Australia, and the United States account for the majority of contributions, while tropical and lower-income regions remain underrepresented. The findings highlight critical thematic and geographic gaps, emphasizing the need for future research incorporating empirical validation, field experimentation, and integrative modeling to advance equitable and context-sensitive UHI mitigation strategies.

Sweta Rupapara , Vishva Rathod, Harsh Rupapara, Nandini Halder and Deepak Kumar

Optimization of Coagulation-Flocculation Mechanism to Reduce Chemical Oxygen Demand in Domestic Wastewater

The efficient treatment of Domestic Wastewater (DWW) through the coagulation and flocculation mechanism is essential to reduce the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), which not only contributes to the improvement of the environment but also to the possible reuse in agricultural irrigation. The objective of this research was to optimize the coagulation and flocculation process to reduce the COD in the DWW of a tributary of the Mantaro River in the district of El Tambo-Huancayo. The developed methodology included the collection of DWW through representative sampling, the initial and final measurement of the COD and pH, the preparation of the coagulating agent and the adjustment of the intensity of agitation using the jar test equipment, using a 4×2 factorial design. Four PAC concentrations (40, 60, 80 and 100 ppm) and two agitation speeds (100 and 200 rpm) were tested using jar tests under controlled conditions. The results showed statistically significant differences between treatments (p < 0.001). The combination of 60 ppm PAC and 100 rpm achieved the highest efficiency, with a 69.33 % COD removal. At higher doses, a decrease in performance was observed, attributed to the phenomenon of overdosing. The coagulation process proved to be effective in decreasing COD in DWW, and optimization of treatment parameters can further improve its efficacy

Susan Montes-Bujaico, Oliver Taype-Landeo, Richerson Piscoche-Chinchay, Deyvid Cruz-Ventura, Wilson Montañez-Artica and Lucia Pantoja-Tirado

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