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Design and Impact Analysis of a Grid-Connected Solar Photovoltaic System in Ibri, Oman

This study investigates the feasibility of establishing a grid-connected power system in Ibri, Oman. The primary goal is to address the rising energy demands and contribute to fighting climate change. By leveraging Ibri’s resources, the research highlights the feasibility of such a system, focusing on its economic, technological, and environmental benefits. Using PVsyst software for planning and evaluation, the study assesses climate conditions, component choices, and performance predictions to ensure optimal system performance. The proposed 10.81 kWp solar power system estimates an energy production of 16,981 kWh, achieving a system efficiency of 67.2?sed on the performance ratio (PR). The financial analysis estimates a payback period of 7.5 to 8.3 years, with an internal rate of return (IRR) of 11.15% and a net present value (NPV) of $32,024.28, confirming the project’s viability. The system is expected to reduce carbon emissions by 379.939 tons over its lifetime, highlighting the significant ecological benefits of adopting solar energy (SE). The research demonstrates that incorporating PV systems in regions like Ibri is technically viable, economically beneficial, and environmentally advantageous. This study is a valuable resource for energy initiatives, promoting sustainable power production methods and encouraging the broader adoption of renewable technologies for a sustainable future.

Arshad Mehmood and Waleed Saif Abdullah Habib Al Kalbani

Exploring the Nexus Between Urban Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) Changes and Urban Growth Analysis Using Geoinformatics in Tumkur City, India

For the past several decades, Tumkur has been one of the fastest-developing cities in Karnataka. Hence, an assessment concerning the identification of LULC mutations and their intensity and urban sprawl in Tumkur City has been employed using cutting-edge Geospatial techniques. In this study, multi-temporal satellite imagery such as Landsat 5 (2000), Resourcesat-1 (2005, 2009 & 2012), and Sentinel-2A (2015 & 2020) were utilized to monitor historical LULC changes, land transformation, direction of urban growth and sprawl. The outcome of the change detection demonstrates that between 2000 and 2020, the built-up area expanded significantly, from 24.94 km2 to 60.59 km2. Consequently, the land transformation matrix analysis shows that substantial modifications in LULC have occurred over the period, with a rise in built-up areas and plantations and a decline in agricultural land, water bodies, and scrubland. Further, urban expansion analysis using UEII (Urban Expansion Intensity Index) revealed that most of the area is in the fast-paced stage of urban expansion. Moreover, two well-known indices; the Annual Urban Spatial Expansion Index (AUSEI) and the Annual Built-up Change Index (ABCI), show a significant positive correlation between them (R2 = 0.69) justifying the increased urban growth in the study area. Whereas, built-up density and the Annual Urban Spatial Expansion Index (AUSEI) show a negative correlation (R2 = 0.55) indicating the presence of compactness of the core of the city. Apart from the above analysis, urban sprawl was effectively interpreted using zones formed using Shannon entropy; NNE, ESE, and SSW have high urban sprawl due to National Highways, growth of Industries, and infrastructure activities developed by the government. Further, the present study’s findings will contribute to understanding land use dynamics, urban sprawl, urban growth analysis, and future projections, as well as provide crucial information for decision-making and urban planning processes, to the urban planner to support acceptable land use management and guiding plan for appropriate growth of urban areas.

A. Kishor Kumar, Govindaraju, C. J. Rakesh and S. Lokanath

Environmental Impact Assessment of Air Quality Issues Caused by the Granite Quarrying and Stone Processing Industry in Ramanagara District, Karnataka State, India

The environmental impacts of mining, quarrying, and the stone processing industry are significant, affecting air quality, health, and the socioeconomic status of communities worldwide. Key contributors to air pollution include the waste of raw materials from quarrying, non-compliance with scientific protocols, and the extraction of natural mineral resources. The rapid increase in pollution sources, such as dust, water, and noise, has led to the release of various pollutants into the atmosphere, degrading local air quality. This study conducted sampling at twelve sites, adhering to the Central Pollution Control Board’s (CPCB) monitoring guidelines. Twelve metrics, including PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NOx, CO, O3, Pb, NH3, C6H6, C2OH12, As, and Ni, were measured twice a week over a three-month period (January 2024 to March 2024) by the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) in the research area. The results indicated that while SO2 and NOx levels were within permissible limits at all monitored locations, Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) levels were high at every station. The average baseline levels of PM10 (37.17 ?g/m³ to 70.52 ?g/m³), PM2.5 (16.98 ?g/m³ to 39.85 ?g/m³), SO2 (5.29 ?g/m³ to 13.91 ?g/m³), NOx (9.8 ?g/m³ to 29.71 ?g/m³), CO (0.15 mg/m³ to 0.32 mg/m³), O3 (6.9 ?g/m³ to 15.37 ?g/m³), and NH3, Pb, Ni, As, C2OH12, and C6H6 were below the detection levels (BDL) and limits of quantification (LOQ), all within the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for commercial, industrial, and residential areas during the study period. This research highlights the urgent need for effective pollution control measures to mitigate the adverse environmental and health impacts of these industries.

V. Nagaraja, C. J. Rakesh, H. N. Sindhu and N. Harishnaika

Impact of COVID-19 on the Yearly Concentration Reduction of Three Criteria Air Pollutants and Meteorological Parameters’ Effects on Aerosol Dispersion

The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the reduction percentage in the yearly concentrations of sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and CO before and after COVID-19 in Amman, the capital city of Jordan, which has the highest population and traffic densities, and Zarqa, an industrial area with 55% of different types of industries. Additionally, this study examines the effect of metrological parameters such as temperature, humidity, and wind speed on air pollutant dispersion, particularly particulate matter 10 (PM10), which is considered uncontrollable. Furthermore, this study highlights the critical environmental and health effects of air pollution. The Ministry of Environment measured the yearly concentration of air pollutants (SO2, NO2, CO, and PM10) in three areas (Amman, Zarqa, and Irbid) in 12 stations in nearby industrial, urban, and traffic areas using the nitric oxide (NO) NO2 chemiluminescence analyzer Model 42i, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and SO2 analyzer model 450iQ, and PM10 Peta Attenuation analyzer. The few air pollution studies in Jordan have primarily focused on average yearly concentrations of SO2, NO2, CO, and PM10 without considering the monthly or daily variations that greatly concern health and the environment. The results of the present study reveal that during the COVID-19 pandemic, there was a significant decrease in the annual concentrations of H2S, SO2, and NO2 as the reduction percentage in Amman 70, 58, 87% respectively, and in Zarqa 36, 62, 72% respectively. However, there is a slight reduction in CO and PM10 with 39 and 18% at Amman and 19% and 40% at Zarqa. This decrease is attributed to the reduction of primary sources of air pollutants, which are linked to the reductions in traffic volume and industrial activities during the lockdown. Furthermore, the results show that the Jordanian government has implemented regulations to address air pollution in residential areas. These regulations aim to prevent the burning of trees and smoking. The government is also adopting new transportation technologies to reduce the impact of CO2 and other pollutants produced by diesel and gasoline vehicles. The use of green fuels like synthetic natural gas, green methanol, or ammonia, as well as the increasing use of electric cars, are being encouraged. Implementing the bus rapid transit system, which started in 2021 and includes linked lines in the east and west areas of Jordan, has reduced the number of cars used and solved the main issues in crowded regions. Overall, the country has taken significant steps to address and control air pollution.

R. M. Kharabsheh and A. N. Bdour

Appraising the Degrees of Sprawl, Freedom and Goodness of Urban Growth Detection Using Geoinformatics Approach - A Study of Tumkur City in Karnataka State, India

The urban expansion analysis plays a significant role in the physical, social, and environmental dimensions of the cities. The research was conducted to monitor the urban growth and urban sprawl analysis of Tumkur city from 2000 to 2020 using multispectral satellite data (Landsat-5, Landsat-7, Resourcesat-1, Landsat-8, Sentinel-2A). Various methods like urban-related indices (AUER, UEII, and NDBI), and statistical methods (Degree of Freedom, Shannon Entropy, and Degree of Goodness) were used in the present research work. The AUER (Annual Urban Expansion Rate) and UEII (Urban Expansion Intensity Index) study of urban indices reveal that the urban area has expanded from 24.94 km2 to 60.59 km2 due to the development of commercial buildings, single-use zones, and low-density areas. The analysis of NDBI (Normalised Difference Built-up Index) indicates that the expansion of urban infrastructure, industrial growth, and population increase cause significant damage to vegetation in the city center compared to other areas. The study of the Degree of Freedom and Shannon entropy indicates that high compactness appeared in the core, whereas other regions are experiencing significant expansion. The method of freedom of goodness (2000 = - 0.093 to 2020 = - 0.159) demonstrates that the currently unfavorable conditions of urban growth have appeared in Tumkur city and it leads to numerous adverse effects on present and future generations. This study will help urban planners and decision-makers maintain the proper land use planning to reduce urban sprawl and its associated consequences, allowing for sustainable urban development.

A. Kishor Kumar, Govindaraju, C. J. Rakesh and S. Lokanath

Evaluation of the Photodegradation of Atrazine in the Presence of ?-cyclodextrin Polymer: Experimental Design and Kinetic Study

The degradation of atrazine (ATZ) was studied in the presence of ?-cyclodextrin (?-CD) under ultraviolet light irradiation. The ?-CD was characterized by modern analytical techniques and the different operating parameters of photodegradation were investigated. Experimental results revealed irregular shapes in the structure of ?-CD, and the functional groups of ?-CD were present in the glucose units. The BET surface area of ?-CD was 285.02 m2/g with a pore volume of 0.172 cc/g and a pore diameter of 2.138 nm, whereas, the x-ray diffraction analysis revealed the polycrystalline nature of ?-CD. The z-average diameter of the particle size distribution was determined as 63.21 nm, thermogravimetric analysis data demonstrated weight loss events while the differential thermal analysis data revealed associated energy changes during phase transitions. The photodegradation of ATZ in the presence of ?-CD resulted in 80.80% and 59.40?gradation, respectively, for 6.25 mg/L and 100 mg/L of ATZ after 60 min of irradiation time. The treatment method could be described by the Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetic model, with kc equals 0.1462 mgL-1min-1 and KLH equals 10.45 × 10-2 Lmg-1. Thus, photodegradation with ?-CD as a catalyst could be effectively used for the remediation of pesticide-contaminated wastewater.

O. S. Ayanda, S. O. Adewuyi, S. M. Yahaya, O. Adeyi, S. M. Nelana and M. J. Klink

Eco Trauma: Unveiling the Anthropocentric Destruction, the Pathway to Apocalypse

Humans have evolved to the point where we are the most sophisticated animals in the world. The point of evolution is for creatures to become more suited to their natural habitat. A new degree of evolutionary adaption has been attained through humans. Massive technological advancements, new governments, and metropolises have all taken place. Every one of these societal advancements has one overarching goal: to ensure that our species continues to exist. As a species, we’ve figured out how to divide ourselves up into nations defined by shared values, religion, geography, and history. Divergences in geography, culture, and history have always been a source of contention among human beings. These disparities have, in the worst-case scenarios, led to war. Many various things, including religion and wealth, have sparked wars throughout history. War, though, never ends well; destruction is an inevitable byproduct. After a conflict, everyone is talking about how many lives were lost, how much property was destroyed, and how much money was spent. But the ecosystem is a quiet casualty of war. Seldom given a second thought are the deaths and devastation that befall Earth’s ecosystems, natural resources, and population. One can not help but question the impact of modern warfare on the environment and the consequences for humanity as a whole. The moral and social consequences of modern warfare’s assault on the environment can be seen by looking at the historical record of environmental degradation caused by this conflict. It is possible to learn about past and future efforts to safeguard the environment from human aggression by considering the problem from philosophical, scientific, and religious vantage points. If the Earth is to be further devastated by contemporary weaponry and combat, the loss endured by the environment will make the death toll of any contemporary battle appear negligible. The preservation of the natural world is crucial to the continuation of the human race.

Gajalakshmi G. and Meenakshi S.

Estimation of Hydraulic Conductivity Using Geoelectrical and Infiltrometer Observations

Hydraulic conductivity (K) as a parameter in surface and subsurface water interaction is an important study to research. Field observations using geoelectrics with the Schlumberger configuration and using infiltrometers with double ring were chosen as methods to estimate the (K) which aims to recognize the characteristics of the relationship between (K) obtained from different observation results. The estimated (K) obtained from infiltrometer observations are quite significant compared to geoelectric observations which range from 2.715 × 10-7 m/s to 6.132 × 10-7 m/s, while geoelectrical values range from 1.965 × 10-8 m/s to 3.896 × 10-9 m/s. In this study, the soil conditions in geoelectric observations were carried out in an unsaturated state and infiltrometer observations were in a saturated state. This soil condition is used as one of the reasons for interpreting the research results in this study, that the hydraulic conductivity in unsaturated soil conditions decreases compared to saturated soil.

Novia Anggita, Dwinanti Rika Marthanty and Abdul Halim Hamdany

Organic Farming: Emerging Practices, Effect on Environment and Nutrition

The global population surge has escalated the demand for food production. While conventional farming meets consumer demands, it often compromises food quality and safety. This method of agriculture has significant adverse effects on health and the environment, relying heavily on chemical fertilizers, costly seeds, and machinery. Conventional farming contributes to environmental degradation, food-borne illnesses, and soil infertility. In response to these issues, organic agriculture has gained prominence worldwide. The rising demand for organic products is driven by their nutritional and environmental benefits. Numerous studies have explored the advantages and disadvantages of various farming methods, comparing organic and conventional practices. This paper reviews the emerging impacts of organic farming on the environment and climate change and examines the nutritional differences and consumer preferences for vegetables produced by these two farming methods.

P. Kashyap and M. Jain

Optimization and Validation of the Preconcentration Technique with SBSE Coupled HPLC-UV/DAD for the Identification of Atrazine and Two of its Metabolites, 2-Hydroxyatrazine (2-HA) and Desethylatrazine (DEA) in Aqueous Samples

The purpose of this work is to address an environmental problem in Mexico, which uses significant amounts of water for agricultural activities, where atrazine is frequently used as a pesticide for weed control. Currently, there is no law prohibiting its use, even though it is considered an endocrine disruptor in some mammals and harmful to health. Due to the difficulty in the direct quantification of several herbicides, which present a low concentration in water, the present work aims to develop the optimization and validation of the preconcentration with magnetic stir bars (SBSE) in aqueous samples for the quantification of atrazine and two of its metabolites: 2-hydroxyatrazine (2-HA) and desethylatrazine (DEA), coupled to High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC-UV/DAD). For the optimization of the preconcentration technique, the nature and quantity of the solvents used in each step, contact time for retention and quantitative extraction of the analyte, as well as the effect of the concentration of the analyte on its retention on the bar were considered. Finally, it was determined that the presence of the metabolites 2-HA and DEA does not affect the sorption of atrazine on the sorption bar used. The analytical methodology can be considered as an efficient method of atrazine preconcentration for subsequent quantification via HPLC-UV/DAD in the range of 0.03 to 0.25 mg/L and in the absence of matrix interferences; its limits of detection and quantification are respectively 0.0014 mg/L and 0.0016 mg/L.

L. A. García-Villanueva, J. R. Martínez-Castro, G. Fernandez-Villagomez, G. L. Andraca-Ayala, J. M. Yáñez-Campuzano and O. Zamora Martínez

Delineation of Groundwater Potential Zones Using GIS and Analytic Hierarchy Process in Parts of Varanasi and Chandauli Districts

This study employs Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to delineate groundwater potential zones. Various thematic layers, including geomorphology, land use and land cover, geology, rainfall, slope, soil composition, drainage density, and the Topographic Wetness Index (TWI), were integrated using a weighted linear combination in the GIS platform’s spatial analyst tool. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to assign different ranks to these layers and their sublayers. Groundwater potential zones were categorized as poor (16.54%, 96.25 km²), moderate (67.20%, 391.13 km²), and good (16.26%, 94.62 km²). Validation involved observing water levels in various wells within the study area, with the results’ reliability assessed using a Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve, demonstrating an accuracy of 88%. The study area faces rapid urbanization and industrialization, stressing the aquifer’s groundwater availability. Identifying groundwater potential zones is thus crucial for effective groundwater development and management.

Pooja Tripathi, Birendra Pratap, Sanjay Kumar Tiwari, Rajnish Kumar, Sandeep Maddheshiya, Purnendu Shekhar Shukla and Mohammad Ashraf

Assessing the Climate Change Impacts in the Jhelum Basin of North-Western Himalayas

Climate change, a critical global environmental crisis, profoundly impacts ecosystems, particularly in regions with delicate environmental balances. This study focuses on the Jhelum basin in the north-western Himalayas, examining the extensive effects of climate change on glaciers, snow cover, land use and land cover (LULC), land surface temperature (LST), water resources, and natural hazards. Rising temperatures have accelerated glacier melting and altered precipitation patterns, with significant implications for local water supplies and agriculture. The study analyses climate data from the Indian Meteorological Department (1990 to 2020), revealing increasing trends in both maximum and minimum temperatures, alongside variable precipitation trends across different locations. The retreat of glaciers and the expansion of glacial lakes have been observed, with lower-elevation glaciers showing the most significant reduction. LULC changes indicate a shift from agricultural land to settlements and horticulture, while LST has risen, particularly in urbanized areas, reflecting the impact of urbanization and climate change. Furthermore, the increased frequency of extreme weather events, such as floods and landslides, exacerbates the region’s vulnerability, threatening infrastructure, biodiversity, and local communities. The findings highlight the necessity of comprehensive, integrated approaches to address climate change and ensure the resilience of the Jhelum basin. This research contributes valuable insights into the region’s changing environmental dynamics, essential for informed decision-making and effective adaptation strategies in response to the ongoing climate crisis.

R. Ahmed, S. Saleem, T. Shamim, S. Javaid, I. H. Malik, A. F. Rather, G. F. Wani, A. Bhat and T. A. Wani

Geospatial Assessment of Soil Erosion Using Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation in Hirshabelle State of Somalia

The objective of this study is to provide a thorough assessment of soil erosion in the Hirshabelle state from 2020 to 2023, utilizing the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) and advanced geospatial technologies, particularly Google Earth Engine, to guide sustainable land management strategies. The study integrates multiple datasets, including CHIRPS for rainfall measurement, MODIS for land use analysis, and a digital elevation model for slope calculation, to offer a comprehensive understanding of the factors contributing to soil erosion. The rainfall erosivity (R) factor is calculated using CHIRPS data, while the soil erodibility (K-factor) is derived from the soil dataset. The topographic condition (LS-factor) is computed using the digital elevation model, and the cover-management (C) and support practice (P) factors are determined from the NDVI and land use data, respectively. The findings reveal considerable spatial variation in soil erosion across the Hirshabelle state. The results are categorized into five levels based on the severity of soil loss: very low (<5), low (5-10), moderate (10-20), high (20-40), and very high (?40). While areas classified under “very low” soil loss are dominant, indicating relatively stable soils, regions under “very high” soil loss signal potential land degradation and the need for immediate intervention. Furthermore, the study revealed the intricate interplay of slope, vegetation, and land use in influencing soil erosion. Areas with steeper slopes and less vegetation were more susceptible to soil loss, emphasizing the need for targeted soil conservation measures in these regions. The land use factor played a crucial role, with certain land uses contributing more to soil erosion than others.

Abdiaziz Hassan Nur, Md. Faruq Hasan, Susmita Sarmin, Atia Shahin, Abdinasir Abdullahi Mohamed and Ali Hussein Ahmed

Understanding the Patch Dynamics of a few Homogenous and Heterogenous Vegetational Patches

Variations in size and shape distinguish vegetation patches across different ecosystems. Nonetheless, recent research highlights notable parallels in the dynamics of these patches and the mechanisms governing their formation and persistence. Two primary types, banded and spotted vegetation, characterized by their patch shapes, stem from shared mechanisms, albeit each type is predominantly influenced by a distinct driver. Banded vegetation emerges when water primarily facilitates the redistribution of materials and propagules, whereas spotted vegetation arises when wind serves as the primary redistributing force. Overall, the analysis underscores how patchy vegetation structures bolster primary production. According to Patch Dynamics theory, vegetation can be categorized into homogeneous and heterogeneous patches, with seasonal conditions playing a pivotal role in the coexistence of various vegetation types. Understanding mechanisms of coexistence necessitates a thorough grasp of the ecophysiological responses of dominant species to different patch types. Consequently, this study aimed to discern the ecophysiological reactions of species to two distinct patch categories. Throughout the examination of Patch Dynamics, both patch species exhibited the highest photosynthetic capacity within their respective patches. Parameters such as Leaf Area Index (LAI), the number of individuals (N), biomass, height (h), weight, and others manifested changes across patch types. Notably, species within the banded patch exhibited heightened sensitivity and more substantial fluctuations in their values compared to those in the spotted patch. These differential responses to distinct patches offer insights into potential mechanisms facilitating species coexistence.

Rekha G. Dhammar, Kunal N. Odedra and B. A. Jadeja

Assessing Tourists’ Willingness to Pay for Sustainable Tourism in Petra, a Contingent Valuation Study

Tourism is a vital economic sector globally, but its growth has raised concerns about its environmental impact. The study utilized the Contingent Valuation Method and Willingness to Pay to estimate additional costs tourists would pay for sustainable tourism in Petra. A survey of 446 international tourists examined their willingness to pay higher fees for improved services, providing insights into sustainable tourism management and pricing policies. Results reveal a positive inclination towards sustainable practices, with a majority expressing willingness to pay additional fees for entry, accommodation in eco-lodges, and electric transportation services within Petra. Cultural preservation also emerged as a priority, with tourists willing to pay for cultural events and donate towards site maintenance. However, interest in culinary experiences and professional photography services was comparatively lower. Regression analyses indicate age and marital status as significant predictors of WTP, emphasizing the importance of tailored marketing strategies. Recommendations include diversifying revenue streams, integrating cultural experiences, and fostering collaborations between stakeholders to promote sustainable tourism practices. This study contributes to understanding tourists’ preferences and behaviors regarding sustainable tourism, offering insights for the management and marketing of heritage sites like Petra while balancing economic growth with environmental conservation.

I. N. Abuamoud

Evaluating the Tolerance and Dust Capturing Capacity of Tree Species Affected by Coal Dust Polluted Area

The air pollution tolerance index (APTI) of any plant shows the tolerance capacity of plant against the air pollution. The present study exhibited the APTI and API of twenty-two trees present on the roadside coal dust-affected air pollution area of Chhal, Raigarh. APTI consists of the analysis of leaf extract pH, relative water content, total chlorophyll content, and ascorbic acid of leaves while the API consists of the APTI values of trees, morphological characteristics, and socio-economic attributes of trees. The leaf extract pH was observed to range from 6.61±0.11 - 3.28±0.11, relative water content from 95.4±0.4 - 83±0.89 %, total chlorophyll content from 1.16±0.06 - 0.385±0.04 mg g-1 and ascorbic acid from 30.54±0.67 - 10.61±0.84 mg g-1. The highest APTI was 30.88±0.75 for Tectona grandis while the lowest was observed 15.58±0.54 for Alstonia scholaris. The highest API value 93.75% for Shorea robusta and Ficus religiosa was observed. The maximum dust held by a tree on the leaf surface by Shorea robusta (3.18±0.09 mg cm-2) was recorded. Shorea robusta, Mangifera indica, Schleichera oleosa, Terminalia ballerica, Ficus benghalensis, Anthocephalus cadamba, Ficus religiosa, Peltophorum pterocarpum, Madhuca indica, and Terminalia tomentosa are best performers among the selected tree species and suitable for the plantation of trees surrounding of air polluted zones.

Kamesh, Brijendra Pratap Singh, Shailly Misra and Ramesh

A Comprehensive Review on the Role of Bioremediation in Heavy Metal Contamination

Heavy metal contamination, along with other pollutants, presents significant environmental hazards. These substances not only endanger human health but also disrupt natural ecosystem. Bioremediation emerges as a sustainable and economically viable approach to tackling pollution. It harnesses the capabilities of microorganisms, plants, and their enzymes to degrade or neutralize pollutants. This paper categorizes bioremediation into two primary types: ex-situ and in-situ. Ex-situ bioremediation treats contaminated material away from its original location, while in-situ bioremediation addresses contamination directly at the site. This paper also explores how microbes tolerate heavy metals through various mechanisms. These mechanisms encompass extracellular barriers, efflux pumps, enzymatic reduction, and intracellular sequestration. Extracellular barriers function to block the entry of metals into the cell, whereas efflux pumps work actively to expel metals from the cell. Enzymatic reduction facilitates the conversion of metals into less harmful forms, while intracellular sequestration involves storing metals within the cell. Moreover, the paper examines diverse applications of bioremediation in environmental restoration. These applications encompass natural attenuation, enhanced reductive dechlorination, sewage treatment, bioleaching, biosorption, constructed wetlands, biostimulation, and bioaugmentation. This paper emphasizes the need for further research to optimize bioremediation technologies for broader real-world environmental management applications.

Princy Rajput, Shashank Benjwal and Rohit Pandey

Seasonal Variations in Microplastic Abundance and Removal Efficiency in Wastewater Treatment Plants in Bangkok, Thailand

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) are significant contributors to the release of microplastics into aquatic environments. Due to the limited information available in Thailand, examining microplastics from WWTPs could assist the Thai government in establishing guidelines for future microplastic control. This study identified microplastics in various WWTPs across Bangkok, Thailand, during two seasons: the dry period (February to May 2022) and the wet period (June to October 2022). The findings revealed a higher abundance of microplastics during the wet season compared to the dry season. In both influent and effluent, fibers were the predominant shape, making up approximately 86.65% during the dry period and 94.37% during the wet period. Fragments, films, granules, and foam were also detected in all samples. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene (PE), and polypropylene (PP) were the most common polymers present in the microplastic samples. The study also highlighted that the removal efficiency of microplastics from WWTPs ranged from 16.7% to 85.4% during the dry period and from 27.6% to 81.0% during the wet period. These results underscore the importance of long-term monitoring and quantification of microplastics in different WWTP systems in Bangkok. This data can be utilized to estimate microplastic loading in WWTPs and develop effective strategies for microplastic removal from wastewater.

M. Eknai, S. Leungprasert and K. Tungsudjawong

Assessing Phytoremediation Potential of Aloe barbadensis, Chrysopogon zizanioides and Ocimum tenuiflorum for Sustainable Removal of Heavy Metals from Contaminated Soil

India’s fast industrialization and population expansion have resulted in heavy metal accumulation from many operations, which has caused massive waste generation and poisoning of soils. Therefore, it is necessary to design reclamation to improve th T.Ne soil. Phytoremediation presents itself as a viable, economical, and environmentally sustainable solution to this problem. This study was carried out by using plants namely, aloe-vera (Aloe-Barbadensis), tulsi (Ocimum Tenuiflorium), and vetiver (Chrysopogon Zizanoides) plants which were planted in a simulated soil of Cd, Zn and Pb, for 4 weeks. The sample of plant and soil were taken in 9 different pots, (15 cm diameter and 25 cm height) among 9 potted soils one will be tested as a controlled sample. An aqueous solution of lead, cadmium and zinc were added separately to the dry soil samples. The moisture level of the soil was maintained to near field water capacity (35.6%) and equilibrated for two weeks. The saplings of vetiver grass, aloe vera and tulsi were selected and pruned (the shoots were originally 20 cm high and the roots 8 cm long), and then transplanted into the pots. The AAS test was conducted after 4 weeks of growing in simulated soil. Tulsi demonstrated the highest efficacy in reducing Zn concentrations from 300 mg/kg to 188.3 mg/kg, followed by vetiver (179.3 mg/kg) and Aloe vera (158.3 mg/kg). Similarly, for Pb, tulsi exhibited the most substantial reduction (from 600 mg/kg to 188.3 mg/kg), followed by vetiver (164.3 mg/kg) and Aloe vera (179.6 mg/kg). Regarding Cd, tulsi reduced concentrations from 80 mg/kg to 18.62 mg/kg, while vetiver achieved a 17.62 mg/kg reduction. The result highlights Tulsi’s superior remediation potential, attributed to its efficient heavy metal uptake and translocation mechanisms. Thus, using these plants in the phytoremediation process, the heavy metals are extracted more economically than other plants. This technique highlights the innate ability of hyper-accumulator plant species, which flourish in situations high in heavy metals, to extract contaminants from contaminated soil.

S. P. Sangeetha, S. Sona, Nabam Tapung, Abhishek Kumar and Suraj Kumar

Enhancing Food Security Through Sustainable Agriculture: Investigating the Allelopathic Effects of Sorghum on Weed Management in Field Pea (Pisum sativum var. arvense)

Allelopathy can be a viable approach to address the issues of environmental degradation by reducing the use of herbicides and herbicide-resistant weeds. Allelopathic crop residues have a lot of potential for improving soil quality and suppressing weed growth. A field experiment at an agronomic research farm, Lovely Professional University in Phagwara, Punjab, examined the effects of water extracts and crop residues from sorghum on the population of weeds, indices of weed management, and the productivity of field peas. The experiment during the year 2022-2023 comprised in randomized block design with 2 levels of Sorghum water extract (1:10, 1:20 w/v), 3 levels of Sorghum stalk soil incorporation @ 2, 4, 6 Mg.ha-1, Sorghum surface mulching at 10tonnes ha-1, Field pea and rabi sorghum intercropping at 2:1, Weedy check and hand weeding. The findings showed that the sorghum surface mulching, addition of sorghum water extract, and sorghum stalk incorporation significantly altered the dynamics of weeds which was comparable with hand weeding. In the case of weed density (9.17 no.m-2), weed fresh (7.66g), and dry weight (3.0g) hand weeding gave the best result which was followed by sorghum surface mulching with 10.77 weeds no.m-2, 10.11 g weed fresh weight and 4.26gm weed dry weight. The highest weed control efficiency (80.9%) was recorded in hand weeding which was followed by sorghum water extract (1:10) and sorghum stalk incorporation (4 Mg.ha-1). The weed management index, weed persistence index, and agronomic management index showed an inverse relationship with weed control efficiency. Hand weeding (20, 40, 60 DAS) gave the highest grain yield (2897 kg.ha-1) of field pea followed by Sorghum surface mulching. Yield attributes were calculated which prescribed that all the treatments significantly reduced the weed infestation and increased the yield attributes over a weedy check. Hand weeding gave the best result, but it is not economical due to the intensive labor requirement. Initiating sustainable weed control and significantly improving the nutrient content of field peas can be achieved through sorghum surface mulching, sorghum stalk incorporation at 4 Mg.ha-1, and sorghum water extract (1:10). These practices can contribute to environmentally friendly and sustainable agriculture.

Prantick Patra, Anita Jaswal and Iza Fatima

Bioactivity of Rhizospheric Acinetobacter baumannii Siderophore Combined with Antibiotics Against Lower Respiratory Tract Pathogenic Bacteria

The study focused on extracting and purifying siderophore produced by Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from rhizospheric soil in Baghdad city and evaluating its bioactivity both independently and in combination with selected antibiotics. Bacterial identification was performed using CHROM agar, biochemical, and physiological tests, with confirmation via PCR amplification of the 16S rDNA housekeeping gene. The siderophore was extracted using ethyl acetate after culturing the bacteria in succinate broth and was purified through HPLC, detected at a wavelength of 403 nm. A total of 38 bacterial isolates were obtained from lower respiratory tract infections, including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Staphylococcus aureus, and Serratia marcescens. Antibiotic susceptibility testing with 13 antibiotics showed the highest resistance rates to ampicillin (65.7%) and ceftriaxone (63.1%), while the lowest resistance was observed with amikacin (15.7%). The synergistic activity of the siderophore combined with sub-MIC concentrations of ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, and gentamycin was tested against multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates. The most significant antibacterial activity was observed with the combination of siderophore and gentamycin against S. aureus, whereas a minimal effect was noted on A. baumannii. In conclusion, 38 bacterial isolates were successfully identified from lower respiratory tract infections. The combination of siderophore with gentamycin exhibited notable antibacterial activity against S. aureus but was ineffective against A. baumannii.

Rafal Moayad Abdul-Latif and Amel Hussaein Mussa

Unveiling Optimal Conditions for Phenol Degradation: Response Surface Methodology and ANOVA Analysis of ZnO and Ag-Doped ZnO Photocatalysts

This research explores the effectiveness of ZnO and Ag-doped ZnO photocatalysts in degrading organic pollutants, specifically focusing on phenol removal in wastewater treatment. The catalysts were synthesized using sol-gel and precipitation methods and characterized through XRD, SEM, and EDX analyses. The study assessed the degradation efficiency of phenol under various conditions, including different catalyst dosages, irradiation times, and initial phenol concentrations. UV-vis spectroscopy was used to measure degradation efficiency, revealing significant differences between the two catalysts. Ag-doped ZnO showed superior performance, achieving degradation efficiencies of over 90%, compared to ZnO’s 60-70%. Statistical analyses, including ANOVA and Response Surface Methodology (RSM), identified key factors influencing degradation efficiency. The enhanced performance of Ag-doped ZnO was attributed to its narrower band gap energy and improved irradiation responsiveness. These findings indicate that Ag-doped ZnO is a promising candidate for efficient and sustainable wastewater treatment, offering a robust solution for removing organic impurities and supporting environmental preservation. This research provides valuable insights into advanced photocatalytic processes and sets the stage for future wastewater treatment innovations.

G. Mohan, S. Meenachi, K. Kiruthika and D. Kirthiga

Fly Ash in Concrete Production: A Legal and Regulatory Review of Environmental Impacts

From 2016 to 2040, global energy demand is expected to increase by almost 50%. A substantial proportion of this expansion will remain concentrated in emerging economies, predominantly India and China. The energy demand, namely for coal, will increase due to reasons such as population growth, industrialization, and the remarkable expansion of the middle class. In India, the coal employed is categorized as low-grade and exhibits a notable ash content, ranging from 30 to 45 percent. Using lignite or coal in thermal power stations leads to generating a significant quantity of fly ash. The issues of controlling fly ash due to its propensity to cause air and water pollution must be addressed efficiently, especially given the large volume of ash produced and the environmental impact it causes in India. This article thoroughly examines Indian fly ash, encompassing its distinctive attributes, a wide array of uses, environmental ramifications, and regulatory structure. The volume of fly ash produced has experienced a significant rise in the last ten years, primarily because coal-fired thermal power plants are responsible for meeting more than 70% of the nation’s electricity demands. Currently, India is responsible for the production of about 180 million metric tonnes of fly ash. Moreover, this article provides a thorough examination of the global landscape about the manufacturing and utilization of fly ash, with a particular focus on India.

M. Z. M. Nomani, Omair Shaquib and Mansi Sharma

Chlorella vulgaris – A Potential Biodiesel Feedstock’s Effect on the Performance, Emission and Combustion Phenomenon of a CI Engine with Hydrogen Inductance

In the modern world, the rise of industrialization and motorization has significantly increased the use of internal combustion engines powered by petroleum products. This has led to the unsustainable exploitation and depletion of petroleum reserves. Consequently, the use of biodiesel-based biofuels, particularly those derived from microorganisms, along with gaseous fuel supplementation in internal combustion engines, has gained prominence. The urgent need to explore alternative fuels for combustion engines has become evident over the past few decades due to the rapid decline in fossil fuel reserves. This study examines the impact of hydrogen induction in the throttle body of a CI engine powered by blends of biodiesel from Chlorella vulgaris and mineral diesel in various proportions, without major engine modifications. The research aims to evaluate the performance, combustion, and emission characteristics of the engine when supplemented with hydrogen, biodiesel, and their blend B20. The experiments involve varying fuel compositions and engine operational parameters to assess their influence on efficiency, pollutant emissions, and combustion stability.

S. Pughazhraj, D. Balaji, V. Hariram, R. Kumaraswamy, J. Godwin John, P. Naveen and T. S. Ravikumar

Reviewing the Impact of Earthquakes on Flood Occurrence: Insights from Kota Belud, Sabah, Malaysia

This study investigates the trends and processes of flooding in Kota Belud, Sabah, Malaysia, following the 2015 Ranau Earthquake. The earthquake caused landslides that altered river systems and significantly impacted flood patterns. Using an interdisciplinary methodology, we examined geological processes, river morphology, sediment dynamics, and erosion mechanisms to understand the correlation between geological forces and flooding. The investigation spanned a decade (2010-2020), revealing an increase in flood incidents post-earthquake. Key findings include the impact of sediment dynamics on river behavior, the role of river morphology, and the importance of erosion and sedimentation in flood timing. This research offers valuable insights into disaster management strategies, emphasizing the need for understanding geological influences on flood susceptibility.

K. Sharir and R. Roslee

Efficient Removal of Congo Red Dye Using Activated Carbon Derived from Mixed Fish Scales Waste: Isotherm, Kinetics and Thermodynamics Studies

The discharge of large quantities of organic dyes into the environment causes significant harm to humans and the environment. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop cost-effective adsorbents for removing these dyes. In the present study, the synthesis of activated carbon (AC) derived from mixed fish scale waste using KOH activation was investigated for Congo red (CR) dye removal. The finding shows that the obtained biocarbon has a fixed carbon of 42.9% with a crystallinity index of 15.01%. N2 adsorption-desorption isotherm was found to be type IV, signifying mesoporous structure with a surface area and total pore volume of 150.049 m2 g-1 and 0.119 cm3.g-1. Batch adsorption was carried out by various adsorbent doses, initial concentration, contact time, and pH to comprehend the effect of operating parameters on its removal efficacy. The isotherm studies fitted well for Freundlich with an R2 of 0.99%. Adsorption kinetics was best fitted by the pseudo-second-order model and thermodynamic studies revealed the adsorption process to be exothermic and spontaneous. The efficiency of AC was also studied by an amount of sorption and desorption cycles which showed its potential for reusability up to the sixth cycle. Thus, the findings suggest that activated carbon derived from mixed fish scale waste is a promising adsorbent for removing Congo red dye from aqueous solutions.

Vevosa Nakro, Ketiyala Ao, Tsenbeni N. Lotha, Imkongyanger Ao, Lemzila Rudithongru, Chubaakum Pongener, Merangmenla Aier, Aola Supong and Latonglila Jamir

Utilization of Plastic Waste and Dry leaves in Brick Manufacturing

The utilization of plastic waste and dry leaves in bricks is a sustainable approach to reducing environmental pollution and managing waste. This study aims to investigate the feasibility of incorporating plastic wastes and dry leaves into the manufacturing of bricks, as well as the potential benefits of using such bricks. The study involves the collection of plastic wastes and dry leaves, sorting and cleaning them before mixing them with clay, sand, and cement in varying proportions. The mixtures are then compressed and molded into bricks, which are allowed to dry and cure before being tested for their physical and mechanical properties. To create plastic soil blocks, the soil was added to the molten plastic paste along with dry leaves in the following ratios: 1.5:1.5:0.5 (plastic, soil, and dry leaves, respectively). Results of the study showed that the inclusion of plastic wastes and dry leaves in brick production can lead to significant improvements in properties such as compressive strength, water absorption, and durability. Furthermore, the use of such bricks can help to reduce the amount of plastic waste and dry leaves in the environment, and also provide a sustainable alternative to traditional bricks that use finite natural resources. In conclusion, the utilization of plastic wastes and dry leaves in bricks is a promising approach toward sustainable construction. Further research is needed to optimize the proportions of the materials used and to investigate the long-term durability of the bricks under different environmental conditions.

P. Muthupriya and B. Vignesh Kumar

Deciphering Sustainable Product Preferences: Insights from Indian Consumer Behavior

Consumer health and wellness are increasingly threatened by the deteriorating state of the environment, both locally and globally. Pollution, deforestation, habitat destruction, and climate change are among the myriad environmental challenges that directly impact human well-being. From air and water pollution to the depletion of natural resources, these environmental issues have profound implications for public health, exacerbating respiratory diseases, waterborne illnesses, and other health problems. In response to these environmental challenges, consumers are becoming more environmentally conscious in their purchasing decisions. They are seeking products and services that minimize harm to the environment, promote sustainability, and contribute positively to ecological conservation efforts. This shift in consumer preferences is driving the demand for sustainable products across various industries, including food and beverages, personal care, fashion, and household goods. Sustainable product marketing plays a critical role in addressing these consumer demands while also mitigating environmental impacts. By promoting products that are ethically sourced, eco-friendly, and produced using environmentally sustainable practices, businesses can align their operations with environmental conservation goals. This involves adopting eco-friendly packaging, reducing carbon emissions throughout the supply chain, and supporting renewable energy initiatives. In the context of the current study aiming to examine consumer purchasing patterns for sustainable products in India, the results offer valuable insights into the interplay between environmental consciousness, demographic factors, and consumer behavior. By delving into these dynamics, the study sheds light on the multifaceted influences that shape consumers’ decisions regarding sustainable products.

Poorani G. and Banumathi M.

A Sustainable Approach Toward Food Security: Investigating the Effect of Intercropping on Soil Rhizospheric Activity, Weed Flora and Yield Attributes of Maize (Zea mays)

Maize is one of the staple food crops after wheat and rice crops. There is a reduction in the yield of maize due to biotic and abiotic factors. Due to more spacing in maize weeds are highly infested in the field which leads to reduced fertility of soil and sustainability. To maintain the fertility of soil and reduce the wastage of resources intercropping is the best option. By growing crops in between the rows of maize crops we can increase production and can achieve zero hunger. A field experiment was conducted at Lovely Professional University (Kharif 2022) to check the effect of black gram and French bean as intercrop in maize on weed flora, rhizospheric bacterial count, and yield parameters of maize. The experiment comprised 9 treatments i.e. Sole maize, Sole French bean and Sole black gram, Maize + French bean (1:1, 1:2, 1:3), Maize + black gram (1:1, 1:2, 1:3). Weed density and biomass recorded by quadrant 1 m2 method at 30 and 60 DAS (Days after sowing). Results of the study showed that minimum weed count of grasses (3.44, 3.26), sedges (3.13, 2.73), and BLW (Broad leaf weed) (3.26, 4.58) at 30 and 60 DAS recorded in those plots where intercropping of maize and black gram practiced in 1:3 proportion. Rhizospheric bacterial count viz. THB (total heterotrophic bacteria) (232.82), NRB (nitrate-reducing bacteria) (41.89), and NB (nitrifying bacteria) (161.86) were recorded highest in Maize + French bean 1:3 at 30 DAS. Whereas THB, NRB, and PSB (phosphate solubilizing bacteria) highest count recorded in Maize + Black gram 1:3 at 90 DAS. In the case of maize yield attributes maize + Black gram 1:2 gave the best result. Land Equivalent ratio and Maize Equivalent yield (2.23, 11671.03 kg.ha-1) were recorded maximum in those plots where Maize + Black gram 1:2 proportion was practiced. Intercropping can be used as an eco-friendly alternative to herbicides to reduce the weed population and infestation, which leads to maintaining soil fertility and enhancing sustainability.

Kritika, Arshdeep Singh, Shimpy Sarkar and Jaspreet Kaur

Utilizing Agricultural Waste Materials for the Development of Sustainable Sound Absorption Materials

Environmental pollution is escalating due to inadequate waste management, with the open burning of agricultural waste being a significant contributor. This process releases various harmful gases into the environment. This study introduces an innovative approach to creating sound absorption materials using agricultural by-products, specifically paddy straw and coconut coir, along with newspaper by-products. The research was conducted in two phases: first, the production of sound absorption panels with different densities and adhesive quantities, and second, the evaluation of these panels’ sound absorption capabilities through laboratory experiments. The impedance tube test was used to determine the sound absorption coefficient (SAC). The results showed effective sound absorption, especially at lower frequencies ranging from 125 Hz to 6300 Hz. Notably, paddy straw and coconut coir exhibited significant sound absorption values at 1,000 Hz (0.59 and 0.52, respectively). This study highlights the potential of paddy straw and coconut coir as sustainable, cost-effective materials for sound absorption panels. These natural materials demonstrate excellent sound-absorbing properties, making them suitable for various applications such as classrooms, sound recording rooms, auditoriums, and theaters at low to medium frequencies.

Venkatesan B., Kannan V., Raja Priya P. and Karthiga Shenbagam N

Enhancing Sustainability in the Indo-Gangetic Plains Through Biochar: A Solution to Stubble Burning

In the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) of northern India, the prevalent rice-wheat cropping system (RWS) is marked by a continuous cycle of planting wheat from October to April and rice from June to September. However, the transition between these crops necessitates the burning of stubble due to the short time frame available for land preparation before planting wheat. This practice contributes significantly to environmental pollution and poses health risks to both humans and ecosystems. To address this issue, alternative management strategies for crop residue are imperative. Utilizing stubble as fuel, feedstock for biofuels, or raw material for the pulp and paper industry offers promising solutions. Among these, biochar emerges as a particularly effective option. Biochar, derived from the pyrolysis of agricultural waste, not only mitigates environmental pollution but also enhances soil health, crop productivity, and overall agricultural sustainability. Our proposal emphasizes the potential of biochar as a soil conditioner, promoting soil carbon sequestration, improving soil quality, and ultimately enhancing food security.

Meenu Yadav, Deepak Kumar Yadav and Anuradha Jayaraman

Application of Graphene and Chitosan in Water Splitting/Catalysis

This study aims to explore the applications of graphene and chitosan in water splitting and catalysis, focusing on their unique properties and synergistic effects. A comprehensive review of the literature was conducted to examine their roles in photocatalytic activity and environmental remediation. Graphene, known for its high surface area and conductivity, was analyzed for its ability to enhance charge separation and light harvesting through doping and hybridization with metal nanoparticles. Similarly, chitosan’s biopolymeric nature and strong affinity for transition metals were evaluated for their utility in enzymatic and catalytic applications. Results indicate that graphene’s photocatalytic performance can be significantly improved through doping and functionalization, while chitosan proves effective in wastewater treatment and as a polymeric support for catalysts. The study concludes that the combined use of graphene and chitosan offers promising potential for advancing sustainable energy solutions and environmental technologies.

Nimra Iqbal, Shaukat Ali,, Asif Hanif Chaudhry, Nosheen Sial, Syed Asim Abbas Zaidi, Waqar Ahmad Murtaza and Shumaila Shabbir

Geopolymers as Supplementary Cementitious Materials to Reduce Carbon Dioxide Emissions

Geopolymers are an alternative and sustainable substitute for ordinary Portland cement (OPC) Geopolymers are being investigated as supplementary cementitious materials to lower carbon dioxide emissions in the building sector. To lower emissions, geopolymer concrete also improves the environment by substituting OPC with supplementary cementitious materials. In addition to keeping waste out of landfills, it produces lightweight, environmentally friendly building materials that fit the circular economy model. Geopolymer concrete reduces global warming as compared to traditional OPC concrete, offering sustainable solutions for construction applications and mitigating carbon dioxide emissions, thereby promoting sustainable development in the construction sector. In the building sector, geopolymer materials provide environmentally friendly substitutes for OPC materials by enhancing water absorption, lowering carbon dioxide emissions, and fostering environmental sustainability. In terms of mechanical qualities, robustness, and environmental sustainability, geopolymers have demonstrated encouraging outcomes.

A. Mushtaq, S. Ali, A. H. Chaudhry, N. Sial, M. Aslam and H. Batool

Prediction and Comparison of Nonlinear Mathematical Models for the Biodegradation of Two Herbicides Under the Effect of Manure in Soils

The study was for the comparison and to know the choice of Models of appreciation of the mineralization of the two herbicides under the effect of two manures (cattle and sheep) in two agricultural soils of different textures. During this work, we used two types of manure, cattle F1 and sheep F2 with two doses. The application of respirometry for monitoring biological activity has been conducted in the laboratory. The treatments were measured for carbon-labeled herbicides released (14CO2) after 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, 42, 60, 90, 120 and 150 days of incubation. Non-linear mathematical models have been developed for the study of the kinetics of the mineralization of herbicides under the effect of manures. The selection criteria for these fit models are R² and RMCE. The comparison of six models stated to choose the single-compartmental model to a first-order ascending exponential that best fits the experimental data. These models show a strong positive correlation between labeled carbon and the biodegradation time of herbicides, especially in clay-textured soil.

Cheloufi R,, Alayat H. and Messaadia H.

Impact of Acid Gases on Total Precipitation Over Iraqi Stations

Acid gas is a type of natural gas or any other gas mixture that contains significant quantities of hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, hydrogen halides, or similar acidic gases. Acid gases form acidic solutions when dissolved in water. A major cause of acid rain is emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide, which react with water molecules in the atmosphere to produce acids. Acid rain refers to a mixture of wet and dry precipitation from the atmosphere that contains more than normal amounts of nitric and sulfuric acids. In this study, the data of the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) as total precipitation (Tp), as well as the Vertical Column amount of SO2 from the Giovanni Center were adopted. The purpose of the research was to find the relationship between rain and sulfur dioxide in Baghdad, Mosul, and Basra cities for the period (2003-2016). The study was carried out for monthly and annual (or yearly) data variations. To find the correlation strengths of the relationship between Total precipitation (Tp) and sulfur dioxide, the correlation coefficients of Spearman’s rho test (rs) were used. It was found that the relationship between (Tp Vs. CO2) and (Tp Vs. SO2) for Mosul station was inverse and positive, with a value of 0.7 that’s due to sulfur water eyes. Also, CO2 was found throughout all months but with different ratios, where the highest concentration was in 2016 in all the stations.

Nadia M. Abd, Zainab M. Abbood, Nagham Abbas Mohammed, Osama T. Al-Taai and Wedyan G. Nassif

Full Issue

Acceptance Rate and Publication Time

Acceptance rate: 30-40 %
Preliminary Scrutiny: 10-15 days from submission
Acceptance Letter: 7-8 weeks from submission
Prepublished Paper: 10-12 weeks from submission
Final Publication: 7-9 months from submission

Journal Metrics

Scopus CiteScore (2023): 1.2
Scopus SJR Index (2023) = 0.205
SJR H Index (2023) = 17
Index Copernicus International (2022) = 128.35
NAAS Rating (2024) = 5.33

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