Archives Issues
Volume 7, Issue No 4, Dec 2008
Interpretation of Ambient Air Quality and Air Quality Parameters in Jaipur city - A case study
The Air Quality Indexing is a simplest way for the prediction of ambient air quality status of any region. It warns public about the risk of exposure of daily pollution levels and to enhance regulatory measures for immediate local impact. In the present study, air quality monitoring was carried out for different air pollutants, i.e., NO2, SO2, RSPM and SPM at six selected sites of Jaipur city. Air Quality Index and standard deviation were also calculated for all the selected sites. The results show a comparative study of the air quality in different areas of Jaipur city. The study identifies the potential sources for the effective pollution control measures to improve the air quality in Jaipur city.
Sheetal Agarwal, B. L. Swami and A. B. Gupta
Lambda Cyhalothrin Induced Changes in Protein Metabolism of Various Tissues in Freshwater Catfish Clarias batrachus
The present study was undertaken to find out the effect of synthetic pyrethroid lambda cyhalothrin in liver, muscle, gills, kidney, testis and seminal vesicle of freshwater catfish Clarias batrachus. The fish were exposed to the pesticide for a period of 45 days at a sublethal concentration of 5.768 ppm. Biochemical analysis of total proteins and total free amino acids was carried out on the 15th, 30th and 45th day of exposure to find out changes in the biochemical constituents due to toxic stress caused to the fish. The results showed a significant decline in total proteins in all the tissues during different days of exposure to lambda cyhalothrin, while total free amino acids showed an increase in liver, kidney and testis, and a reverse trend in muscle, gills and seminal vesicle.
R. Saravanan
GIS Based Groundwater Quality Assessment of Vattamalaikarai Basin, Tamil Nadu, India
A detailed GIS based study on hydrochemistry of groundwater in Vattamalaikarai Basin, Tamil Nadu, India has been carried out to assess the quality of groundwater for determining its suitability for drinking purpose. Further, the spatial variation of various groundwater quality parameters over the basin has also been studied for January 2008. The area is underlained by crystalline rocks of peninsular gneissic complex, comprising of hornblende-biotite-gneiss and charnokite. Black, alluvial, and calcareous soils are major soil types in this region. Fifty nine groundwater samples spread over the basin have been collected from open and tube wells during January 2008. The physicochemical parameters have been compared with the standard guideline values as recommended by the WHO for drinking and public health. The abundance of major ions in groundwater is in the following order: Na+ > Mg2+ > Ca2+ > K+ = Cl– > SO42- > HCO3- > NO3- > CO32-. TDS widely varied from 124 to 4270 mg/L with an average value of 1422 mg/L, and at 24 locations it exceeds the maximum allowable limit of 1500 mg/L leading to unsuitability of groundwater in nearly 40% of the total basin area. TDS exhibits good positive correlation with Na+, Mg2+ and Cl–. Groundwater of the basin belongs to hard to very hard water category since the total hardness (TH) exceeds the permissible limit of 500 mg/L prescribed for drinking water. Nitrate concentration in groundwater also widely varies from 0 mg/l to 647 mg/L with an average value of 125 mg/L. Forty four well samples out of 59 exceed the maximum allowable limit of 45 mg/L (60% of the total basin area). Fluoride is also high (> 1.5 mg/L) in groundwater at 17 locations, which may cause dental fluorosis.
G. Vennila, T. Subramani and L. Elango
Determination of Pesticide Residues in Some Agricultural Water Samples by Gas Chromatography
Experiments were conducted to determine 18 pesticide residues in water samples collected from irrigated agricultural farmlands around Mysore city, Karnataka, India. The samples were analysed by gas chromatography consisting of electron capture detector to look for organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and flame photometric detector for the determination of organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs). Seven pesticides were detected in water samples namely aldrin, dieldrin, a-HCH, b-HCH, g-HCH, 2,4-DDD and endosulfan-1. All the detected pesticides in water samples were in low concentrations. Pond and bore well water samples had no pesticide residues. Among organochlorine pesticides, present in farm water samples, a-HCH and g-HCH were more frequently found followed by 2,4-DDD. No organophosphorus pesticide residues were detected in any water samples.
Mohammad Nasser Modoodi and S. L. Belagali
Phosphate Solubilisation by Four Anoxygenic Phototrophic Bacteria Isolated From Leather Industry Effluents
Four anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria, Rhodobacterium (Rb.) capsulatus, Rhodopseudomonas (Rps.) acidophila, Rps. rutila and Rhodospirillum (Rsp.) rubrum, isolated from wastewaters, were tested for their ability to solubilize tricalcium and dicalcium phosphate under different conditions. Rps. rutila was superior to other bacteria under investigation in solubilisation of tricalcium phosphate. Rsp. rubrum was poor in solubilization of tricalcium phosphate. Rsp. rubrum and Rb. capsulatus could solubilise dicalcium phosphate with almost same efficiency while Rps. acidophila was more efficient in solubilization of dicalcium phosphate. Thus, these bacteria can be exploited in solubilization of phosphate.
Ramchander Merugu, M. S. K. Prasad, D. Vasavi, S. Girisham and S. M. Reddy
Removal of Heavy Metal Cadmium from Industrial Wastewater Using Chitosan Coated Coconut Charcoal
Of the various toxic heavy metals discharged into the environment, cadmium is highly toxic and has a serious health concern. Removal of metals from industrial wastewaters has conventionally been accomplished by precipitation, ion exchange and electrolytic technology. More recently, adsorption using commercial activated carbon and carbon from different plant materials is in force. Use of activated carbon is quite expensive. Hence, the use of carbon from natural biopolymers has attracted attention of industrialists. Recently, surface modified carbon has generated diversity with far superior adsorption capacity. Among the various low cost adsorbents identified, chitosan has the highest adsorption capacity for several metals. But chitosan is slightly soluble at low pH, soft and has a tendency to agglomerate or form a gel in aqueous solutions, which makes the active binding sites of chitosan not readily available for sorption. Hence, providing a physical support will increase the accessibility of the metal binding sites. In the present investigation an attempt has been made to overcome these mass transfer limitations by synthesizing a biosorbent by coating chitosan on the surface of coconut shell charcoal. The chitosan coated charcoal showed higher efficiency of adsorption of cadmium than the pure charcoal.
P.N. Sudha and S. Celine
Effect of Seasonal Variation on Some Heavy Metal Contents of a Medicinal Plant Swertia densiflora (Griscb.) Kashyap Using Icp-oes Technique
The analysis of heavy metals of medicinal plants is an important criteria of their standardisation. Various mineral elements occur in plant and animal tissues in such minute amounts that early workers were unable to measure their precise concentration with analytical methods then available. They were, therefore, described as occurring in trace quantity. The practice is still followed despite the development of modern analytical laboratory techniques such as atomic absorption spectroscopy and neutron activation analysis, which have an ability to measure all trace elements in the smallest of biological samples with great precision and accuracy. Four common heavy metals Pb, Zn, Cu and Ni were analysed in a medicinal plant Swertia densiflora (Griscb.) Kashyap by optical emission spectroscopy which uses the technique of inductively coupled plasma. The increased circulation of toxic metals in soils and plants may result in the inevitable buildup of such toxins in food chains. The results of the study indicate that the concentration of copper ranged from 7.10-9.25, zinc from 36.25-71.02, lead from 6.69-13.74 and nickel from < 1.0-4.46 in Swertia densiflora.
Sunita Shailajan and Smruti Shah
Acute Toxic Effects of Parathion on Leucocytes of an Air Breathing Fish Clarias batrachus
The present investigation deals with the toxic effect of a common insecticide parathion on total and differential count of an air-breathing fish Clarias batrachus. In four different concentrations (2 ppm, 4 ppm, 6 ppm and 8 ppm, of parathion for 96 hrs to Clarias batrachus, a gradual and significant increase in total leucocytes with parathion concentrations was observed. Total percentage of lymphocytes showed marked increase in all the test animals exposed to different concentrations of the toxicant. Significant decrease in neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils and monocytes were also observed in parathion exposed animals.
Shiv Kumar Yadav, Pratibha Kumari and D. K. Paul
Studies on Oceanic Zooplankton in the Continental Slope of Andaman Waters of Bay of Bengal
The biomass, density, diversity and distribution of oceanic zooplankton were studied from 25 stations along the continental slope of Andaman waters of Bay of Bengal during February to March 2007. A total of 68 species of zooplankton belonging to 56 genera and 16 groups were recorded from the waters of the continental slope. The biomass of zooplankton in terms of dry weight ranged from 792-2828mg/100m3 while volume and numerical density varied from 8.1-16.2 mL/100m3 and 19240-47223 Nos./100m3 respectively. Copepods were the dominant group in all the stations of study. The results obtained for the physico-chemical parameters of seawater are also discussed in the paper.
C. Raghunathan
Zooplankton Community in A Through Flow System of Kashmir Himalayan Wetland
Study on zooplankton community in through flow ‘Wular’ wetland revealed that Rotifera were dominant in diversity while Cladocerans in density. Among Rotifera Keratella sp., Monostyla sp. and Polyarthra vulgaris were perennial, and remaining seasonal. Among Cladocerans Alona rectangula, Alona intermediata, Alonella exisa, Alonella nana, Chydorus sphaericus, Chydorus faviformis, Graptolebris testudanaria, Macrothrix spinosa, Macrothrix laticornis and Moina sp. were perennial, and remaining seasonal. The reason for their seasonal variation has been correlated with different physicochemical parameters.
Aijaz R. Mir, A. Wanganeo, A. R . Yousuf and R. Wanganeo
Study of Water Quality in and Around Vriddhachalam in Cuddalore District, Tamil Nadu
Physico-chemical quality of the groundwater samples of bore wells in and around Vriddhachalam of Cuddalore district is studied. Three samples, one from Vriddhachalam town, one from Erumanur village and the third one from M. Patti village were collected for the study. The parameters observed were pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, total alkalinity, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, nitrate, chloride, sulphate, sodium, potassium and fluoride. The results reveal that most of the physico-chemical parameters for the second and third samples have the values above the permissible limit, but below the excessive limit. Hence, they can be used for drinking purposes. The values of these parameters except TDS are above permissible limits and below excessive limit for the first sample. The TDS exceeds the excessive limit, hence, it has to be pretreated by reverse osmosis before drinking.
V. Karunakaran, A. Ramalingam and R. Ramanathan
Municipal Solid Waste Management in Ajmer City, Rajasthan: An Overview
Human activity generates considerable amount of solid waste. The nature of waste varies depending upon the kind of activity. Municipal and biomedical wastes are the major solid wastes contributed from the urban centre, Ajmer. Ajmer has Dargah of Khwaja Mounuddin Chishty, a pilgrimage centre for muslims of the world, and Pushkar pilgrimage for the Hindus of the world. The study was carried out to understand the present status of solid waste management of the city. The total quantity of solid waste generated in the city is around 950 TPD (tons per day) with a per capita generation of 0.35 kg. Sporadic incineration is very common and no proper disposal facility has been provided for the municipal solid waste.
Rashmi Sharma
Study of Dust Pollution Caused by Traffic in Thiruvanmiyur Area of Chennai City
The present study deals with the dust pollution caused by vehicles in Thiruvanmiyur area of Chennai city. Four important roads viz., East Coast road, Adayar road, Tidal Park road and Lattice Bridge road of Chennai city were selected. Data revealed that East Coast road was the busiest on which maximum number of vehicles (4221) were passed followed by Adayar road (3668), Lattice Bridge road (2208) and Tidal Park road (2138). On the whole, heavy vehicles were recorded to be in maximum number at all the points on all the roads. Dust fall rate on Tidal Park road (11.14 g/m2/month) and East Coast road (11.15 g/m2/month) was found to be less, as the condition of the two roads was good and they were used by tourists, software company officers and industrialists etc. The roads were also well maintained by the Corporation of Chennai. The dust fall rate at Adayar road (12.95g/m2/month) and Lattice Bridge road (12.98 g/m2/month) was found to be highest, because these road were thickly populated and in very bad condition.
Mazher Sultana, K. Sakunthala and S. S. Jayaraj
Biosorption of Lead (II) from Aquatic Environment by a Macrofungus (Agaricus bisporus)
Lead, like other heavy metals, is introduced into natural waters by industrial and domestic wastewater discharges causing environmental pollution. Conventional methods are extremely expensive or inefficient for removal of metals from wastewaters containing low concentration of dissolved metals. Biosorption is a process in which sorbents of biological sources are employed for binding heavy metals. It is a promising alternative to treat industrial effluents, mainly because of its low cost and high metal binding capacity. In the present work, lead (II) biosorption process by the fruiting bodies of a macrofungus (Agaricus bisporus) has been studied. The work considered the determination of lead-biomass equilibrium data in batch system. The studies were carried out in order to determine some operational parameters of lead sorption such as the effects of pH, initial metal ion concentration, biomass dosage and time required for the metal biosorbent equilibrium, contact period, etc. All the parameters showed important effect on biosorption rate and capacity.
R. Vimala and Nilanjana Das
Effect of Influent Concentration on Biodegradation of Phenol Using Packed Bed Reactor
There is a general perception that the phenols being toxic are not amenable to biological degradation. Continuous biodegradation of phenol in synthetic wastewater is carried out in a packed bed bioreactor using immobilized Nocardia hydrocarbonoxydans. Glass beads were used as the carrier particles for cell immobilization. The effect of influent phenol concentration on packed bed bioreactor for phenol biodegradation during start up and at steady state were studied. Almost 99.6% degradation of 200 ppm phenol could be achieved. Percentage degradation of phenol decreased with the increase in influent concentration. The combined effect of higher phenol concentration and volumetric phenol loading might have resulted in lower degradation. Only 58.4% degradation of 1000 ppm phenol could be achieved with the packed bed bioreactor containing 6400 glass beads. Toxic effects of phenol were found to play a role at 1000 ppm influent concentration. With increase in dilution rate, the percentage degradation was decreased.
P. S. Sagar, S. N. Dash and A. Prasad
Potential Plant Wealth of Laokhowa Wildlife Sanctuary, Nagaon, Assam
The flora of Laokhowa Wildlife Sanctuary consists of many useful plants having great commercial as well as socio-economic importance. Some of these plants have already been utilized and a large number of species are consumed by the forest villagers and the villagers of surrounding areas. Promising plant resources of the sanctuary, categorized like timber plants, fibre-yielding plants, and oil yielding and other minor forest products yielding species, have been enumerated.
Sanjeeb Kr. Nath and S. K. Sarma
Evaluation of Quality Indices for the Groundwaters of an Industrial Area in Bangalore, India
The present work is aimed at evaluating the water quality index (WQI) for the groundwaters of Whitefield industrial area in Bangalore. This has been determined by collecting thirty groundwater samples in and around the industrial area and subjecting the samples to a comprehensive physico-chemical analysis. For calculating the water quality index, ten critical parameters have been considered. The WQI for these thirty samples ranged from 11.58 to 495.07 with an average value of 69.95. 23.33 % of the samples (7 samples) exceeded 100, the upper limit for drinking water. The analysis reveals that the overall groundwater of the area, in general, can be considered fit for human consumption, barring the groundwater from these seven stations, which are non-potable and need some treatment.
B. S. Shankar and N. Balasubramanya
A Study of the Fluoride Contamination in Groundwaters of Masooda Tehsil of Ajmer District, Rajasthan
Fluoride in water is mostly of geological origin. The control of drinking water quality from groundwaters is critical in preventing fluorosis. A physico-chemical analysis of available groundwater drinking resources in 10 villages of Masooda tehsil of Ajmer was carried out. The analytical results revealed considerable variations in chemical composition of water samples. Fluoride concentration varied from 0.5 to 6.7 ppm, causing dental and skeletal fluorosis amongst people.
Aarti Sharma and Bharti Prakash
Investigation of Impact of Distillery Spentwash on Soil Characteristics
A field investigation was carried out during 2007-2008 to study the impact of use of primarily treated distillery spentwash (PTSW) and diluted distillery spentwash (50% and 33%) on sandy loam soil physico-chemical characteristics. Impact of distillery spentwash on soil characteristics like pH, electrical conductivity, total organic carbon, available nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), exchangeable calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), available sulphur (S), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) were studied at different intervals of time. Long-term application of distillery spentwash proved useful in significantly increasing most of the characteristics. The nutrient availability, viz., N, P, K, Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn contents in soil was significantly higher with decreased dilution. The impact of distillery spentwash on physical and chemical characteristics of sandy loam soil was studied and it was found that application of distillery spentwash improves the nutrient status of soil.
S. Chandraju, H. C. Basavaraju and C. S. Chidankumar
Water Quality of Traditional Drinking Water Sources in Outer Himalayas - A Case Study of Hamirpur District, H.P.
The study deals with the analysis of waters from traditional sources of drinking water like wells, baories and khatries in the Hamirpur district of Himachal Pradesh. Average pH value of the samples for the wells and baories is less than 7.0, but more than 7.0 for khatries. The average value of electrical conductivity for the wells and baories is much higher than the value for the khatries. Total alkalinity value for all the sources is almost the same. The total hardness value for the khatries is slightly more than the value for the wells and baories. The chloride content for the khatries is slightly higher than the value for the wells and baories. The calcium value of khatries is slightly higher than wells and baories. Bacteriological contamination is more in wells and baories than khatries. The water in 60% wells, 55% baories and 36% khatries is contaminated and not fit for human consumption.
M. R. Sharma
Removal of a Reactive Dye (Red RB) by the Bacterial Species Isolated from Dyeing Industry Effluents
Removal of reactive dyes from aqueous solution was investigated using bacterial species from dyeing industry effluents. The decolorization was achieved at different dye concentrations, pH and temperature. It was caused by bacterial species such as Enterobacter sp. (GS5), Escherichia coli (GS3) and Bacillus sp. (GS10) and their consortia. More reliable and effective decolorization rates were obtained with 100% Enterobacter sp. (GS5) after 96 hours at 10 and 20 ppm. Decolorization has been maximum in the static experimental conditions.
M. Vasanthy, A. Geetha and G. Seethadevi
Assessment of Water Quality in Kalpakkam Region, Tamil Nadu
Assessment of water quality in a region is important as water is used for domestic and agricultural purposes. In most parts of south India groundwater is used extensively for domestic and agricultural purposes. The aim of this study was to assess the water quality of Kalpakkam region based on the major ions. Geologically, this study area has two distinct formations: crystalline charnockite rocks of Archean age and quaternary/recent sediments. The quaternary/recent sediments, weathered and fractured crystalline charnockite function as an unconfined aquifer system. The hydrogeochemical characteristics of water and its quality were studied from physico-chemical analysis of the water samples. Two characteristic facies were determined based on the results of hydrochemical analyses: (1) Na-Cl and (2) Ca-Mg-Cl facies are dominant in this region. Groundwater from the study unit is generally good for drinking purposes. However, samples from some wells exceeded drinking water standards established by the BIS for EC, TDS, sodium, chloride and sulphate ions.
C. Sivakumar and L. Elango
A Study on the Coastal Protection System Against Erosion of Bay of Bengal in North Chennai Coast, Tamil Nadu
Equilibrium conditions at shores of Chennai were upset when an artificial harbour was constructed in 1875, which was projected about 1 km into the sea. Because of this construction, there is heavy accretion on the southern side of the harbour resulting in Marina beach and severe erosion on the northern side. The study of north Chennai coastal area involves the collection of bathymetry of the area, and data on waves, tides, currents and winds. After analysing the data, suitable remedial measures like construction of sea wall, groynes and break water were examined. Out of all, the function of sea wall was observed to be the best remedial measure in controlling the erosion. The data on physical model study available at Institute of Hydraulic and Hydrology, Poondi were examined and a suitable remedy was designed.
P. Srinivas* and A. Sreenivasulu
The Study of Phytoplankton Dynamics in Two Lakes of Mysore, Karnataka State, India
An attempt was made to compare a protected lake (Hadhinaru lake) with an unprotected (Shetty lake) lake by means of phytoplankton analysis. Based on phytoplankton analysis, Chlorophyceae were more abundant in Shetty lake than in Hadhinaru lake, while Cyanophyceae and Bacillariophyceae were uniformly distributed in both the lakes. Desmids were slightly higher in number in Hadhinaru lake. Euglenophyceae were more abundant in Shetty lake. Although one lake is protected from human activities and the other is left open for various activities, the findings are almost similar in both the lakes, and they need regular monitoring.
B. M. Sudeep, S. Srikantaswamy and Shankar P. Hosmani
Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Lantana camara on II-Instar Stage of Development of Anopheles, Aedes and Culex Mosquito Larvae
The II instar stage of Anopheles, Aedes and Culex mosquito larvae were treated with ethanolic extract of Lantana camara stem. The extract showed lethal effect on Anopheles, Aedes and Culex II-instar stage of mosquito larvae in different concentrations and mortality rate increased for every 24 hours continuously for 4 days. But it was remarkable to note that the mortality was maximum in 600 mg/100mL concentration of ethanolic extract of Lantana camara stem in 24 hours, which prompted to select the concentration.
S. Venu, S. Dawood Sharief and K. Vinoth Kumar
Water Quality Index (WQI) Analysis of the Salinity-Affected Villages from Purna River Basin of Vidarbha Region
Water Quality Index (WQI) based on physicochemical quality of the water of Purna river basin in Akola and Buldhana district of Vidarbha region was carried out during August to November 2007. A total of 260 water samples were analysed for various physical and chemical parameters. The study showed that all water samples were within the standard permissible limit prescribed by WHO and ISI standards for drinking water except salinity, chloride, nitrate, phosphate and conductivity. On the basis of CCME Water Quality Index (WQI) derived from physicochemical studies, the drinking water was 80% safe and 20% unsafe for the drinking and domestic purposes in salinity-affected villages of Vidarbha region.
D. H. Tambekar, S. M. Waghode, S. G. Ingole and S. R. Gulhane
Lithological Studies and Types of Soils Along Coastal Area of Kanyakumari to Colachel Coastal Belt, South Tamil Nadu, India
Soil types of an area are more important, since soil is the main criteria in agricultural production and in recharge of groundwater. Different types of soils are derived from a wide range of geological formations. Knowledge about type of soils, its extent and occurrence is of primary importance for agricultural planning to maximize production and for groundwater recharge. The soils of the district from Kanyakumari to Colachel coastal belt can be classified into red loams, red lateritic soil and pale reddish. They are derived from lateralization of gneisses. The soils derived from gneisses are mostly brownish. Thickness of soils in mountains is almost negligible, whereas in the valleys they are around 2m thick. The lateritic type of soil occurs in blocks of Rajakkamangalam. The mixed type of red and alluvial soil occurs in Agastheeswaram block. The coastal sand occurs in the western side of the district. The coastal alluvium sand is of high fertility. Generally, the soils are highly acidic in the coastal area. This is mainly due to heavy rainfall and heavy leaching of basic rock in hilly areas.
S. Bhagavathi Perumal and P. Thamarai
Ecological Status of Some Floodplain Lakes Within Jhelum River basin, Kashmir
The paper analyses attribute of plankton communities and macrophytes along with environmental variables of five floodplain lakes within Jhelum River basin, during various seasons of the year 2005-2006. The Bacillariophyceae dominated Chlorophyceae and Cyanophyceae in all the lakes whereas zooplankton communities were predominated by rotifers except for the deepest lake Manasbal, where copepods were the dominant group. A close association of Ceratophyllum-Myriophyllum and less frequently with Nymphoides was observed in all the lakes. The waters of all the studied lakes were alkaline and well buffered. The high content of chloride is indicative of presence of organic matter while progressive increase in nitrogen and phosphorus in all the lakes could be attributed to anthropogenic pressure and sewage contamination. The chemical parameters in all the lakes are on higher side when compared to earlier records.
Adnan Abubakr and M. R. D. Kundangar
Studies on Physicochemical Status of Two Ponds at Patna in Relation To Growth of Fishes
Physicochemical characteristics of two ponds at Patna were studied for a period of one year in 2004-05. The investigation was focused on the determination of water quality parameters such as temperature, pH, DO, alkalinity, nitrite, nitrate and other factors showing that the water quality of these ponds comply with suitability of growth of some fishes.
S. K. Gupta, N. P. Tiwari and Md. Noor Alam
Study on Removal of Chromium (VI) From Aqueous Solution Using Sulphonated Black Rice Husk Ash and Sulphonated White Rice Husk Ash
The removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution using sulphonated black rice husk ash (SBRHA) and sulphonated white rice husk ash (SWRHA) at various pH and adsorbent doses has been studied. The uptake percentage of Cr(VI) from the solution was determined spectrophotometrically by DPC method. It was found that the amount of Cr(VI) adsorbed increases significantly with decrease in pH from 5.0 to 1.0 for SWRHA and 5.0 to 2.0 for SBRHA. The Cr(VI) adsorption increased significantly with increasing dose of the adsorbent.
S. Santha Lakshmi, M. Gayathri and P.N. Sudha
Assessment of Physicochemical Characteristics of Liquid Effluent from Agro Oil Industry and its Applications
The liquid effluent treated from agro oil industry has an alkaline pH and lower level of dissolved oxygen (DO), which affects the aerobic respiration of organisms, and hence, not suitable for aquaculture application. Higher values of residual sodium carbonate (RSC), electrical conductivity, sulphate and total dissolved solids also suggest that the liquid effluent after treatment is also not suitable for irrigation purposes.
P. V. S. Machiraju, V. Srinivasa Rao and Y. L. N. Murthy
Studies on Metallic Salt Intoxication on Blood Parameters of Two Fishes, Channa gachua and Channa reba
The values of haematocrit, haemoglobin and erythrocytes percentage of untreated Channa gachua in 24, 48, 72 and 96 hr of exposure were in the range of 42.38 to 42.79; 13.95 to 14.35; 3.14 to 3.52, and that of Channa reba, in the range of 42.63 to 43.75; 13.95 to 14.72 and 3.18 to 3.65 respectively. After treatment with two metallic salts i.e., CuSO4 and K2Cr2O7 in different concentrations at these exposures these parameters exhibited a of range of 40.12 to 41.2 and 40.25 to 42.25 (haematocrit); 14.12 to 14.84 and 13.89 to 14.25 (haemoglobin) and 3.06 to 3.26 and 3.05 to 3.22 (erythrocytes) in case of C. gachua while the values were 41.85 to 42.00 and 41.25 to 42.87 (haematocrit); 14.12 to 14.65 and 14.01 to 14.65 (haemoglobin) and 3.10 to 3.55 and 3.12 to 3.62 (erythrocytes) respectively in case of C. reba.
Bijay Bhushan Prasad, M. K. Roy and A. P. Sinha
Treatment of Grey Water By Modified Rotating Biological Contactor (RBC)
The laboratory model of Rotating Biological Contactor (RBC) used in grey water treatment was a modified one, in respect of the reactor. The reactor had four blades each of size 350 mm × 100 mm attached to a shaft at an angle of 90º. The partially treated effluent from RBC was allowed to pass through three columns of filter connected in series. The experiments were run for two different filter media namely, granite, stone and coal separately. The experiment was conducted for different influent substrate concentrations and different speeds of rotating blades. Among the different speeds of rotational blades in treating grey water, the rotational speed of 3 rpm was found to yield better percent removal of COD, BOD, TSS, turbidity, E. coli, faecal coliforms, and total coliforms than the rotational speeds of 4.5 and 6 rpm.
S. Syed Enayathali and V. Gopalasamy
Short Term Experiments on Farm Survivility of Earthworms in Tea Garden Due to Effect of a Pesticide Liqnik
Experiments were carried out to find out the impact of pesticide spraying on the tea garden and farm survivility of different species of earthworms. It was observed that there was 82.19% reduction in total earthworm density and about 67% reduction in earthworm biomass on application of the pesticide liqnik (nickel chloride) in tea garden.
Aliva Patnaik
Growth Response of Salmonella Species and E. coli to Different Metal Ions
Effect of different metal ions with their graded concentration on growth response of indicator organisms for faecal contamination and human pathogens of enteric fever was studied with individual and combined culture cultivation techniques. Both the test organisms were inhibited by almost all the metal ions analysed. However, it was surprisingly observed that the inhibitory effect by most of the metal ions was more significant against E. coli as compared to Salmonella species which indicated the possibility of confusion with respect to indicator organisms in monitoring the microbiological characteristics of water.
N. S. Kulkarni, D. D. Walke, R. R. Pachori and Shiva Aithal
Adsorptive Removal of Copper from Aqueous Solution onto Raw Rice Husk: Kinetics and Isotherms
The pollution of water with heavy metals has been of great concern due to their toxic nature and other adverse effects. All heavy metals, including those required in small amount for the physiological machinery of living organisms, are extremely toxic at high concentrations. Therefore, heavy metal burden of industrial wastewaters need to be substantially reduced before discharging them into water bodies. Dissatisfaction with conventional methods of metal removal from wastewaters has led to a surge in efforts aimed at finding out suitable alternatives. This work presents the results of study on heavy metals removal from wastewater by adsorption using low cost adsorbents which could be used as an alternative approach to remove heavy metals from wastewater. A series of batch studies were conducted using raw rice husk (RRH) of particle size 300-150 µm mixed with synthetic heavy metal solutions to see the removal of copper metal.
R. Gandhimathi, S. T. Ramesh and E. Arun Praveeth
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- Vol 13, No 1, Mar 2014
- Vol 12, No 4, Dec 2013
- Vol 12, No 3, Sep 2013
- Vol 12, No 2, Jun 2013
- Vol 12, No 1, Mar 2013
- Vol 11, No 4, Dec 2012
- Vol 11, No 3, Sep 2012
- Vol 11, No 2, Jun 2012
- Vol 11, No 1, Mar 2012
- Vol 10, No 4, Dec 2011
- Vol 10, No 3, Sep 2011
- Vol 10, No 2, Jun 2011
- Vol 10, No 1, Mar 2011
- Vol 9, No 4, Dec 2010
- Vol 9, No 3, Sep 2010
- Vol 9, No 2, Jun 2010
- Vol 9, No 1, Mar 2010
- Vol 8, No 4, Dec 2009
- Vol 8, No 3, Sep 2009
- Vol 8, No 2, Jun 2009
- Vol 8, No 1, Mar 2009
- Vol 7, No 4, Dec 2008
- Vol 7, No 3, Sep 2008
- Vol 7, No 2, Jun 2008
- Vol 7, No 1, Mar 2008
- Vol 6, No 4, Dec 2007
- Vol 6, No 3, Sep 2007
- Vol 6, No 2, Jun 2007
- Vol 6, No 1, Mar 2007
- Vol 1, No 1, Mar 2002