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Assessment of Deposited Red Clay Soil in Kirkuk City Using Remote Sensing Data and GIS Techniques

This study investigates the physical characteristics of red clay using the IDW approach and linear regression modeling in an area of 268.12 km2, focusing on Kirkuk, Bor, and Jambor structures. Through the analysis of 52 soil samples and the integration of laboratory data with IDW and regression results, several significant findings have emerged. The IDW method combined with linear regression proves to be a cost-effective and efficient approach for obtaining soil property data and generating accurate digital maps of red clay’s physical features. The Silt concentration exhibits a wide range, while the gravel content remains relatively low, indicating the predominance of silt in the soil composition. Analysis of Atterberg limits reveals the soil’s behavior and consistency in response to moisture, with the plasticity index generally falling within the low to medium range due to the considerable silt content in most soil samples. The linear regression model highlights positive correlations between the liquid limit, plastic limit, and plasticity index. Moderately positive relationships exist between the liquid limit and clay content, as well as a weak positive association between the liquid limit and specific gravity. Dry density, on the other hand, shows no significant correlation with other physical variables, suggesting its independence from the measured parameters. The plastic limit demonstrates a stronger relationship with the clay content compared to the liquid limit. Additionally, weak positive correlations are found between the liquid limit, plastic limit, and specific gravity and water content, indicating the influence of moisture on these parameters. Furthermore, gravel exhibits a moderate positive correlation with sand and silt concentrations, while a strong positive correlation is observed between sand and silt contents, underscoring their close association with the soil composition.

V. F. Salahalden, M. A. Shareef and Q. A. M. Al Nuaimy

Petrography and Diagenesis of Thin-Bed Reservoirs from the Eastern Folded Belt of Bangladesh

The main purpose of the study is to identify the thin-bed reservoirs of the Eastern Folded Belt (Sylhet and Bandarban) and characterize them with diligence. A detailed qualitative and quantitative analysis has been carried out. It is based on thin-section petrographic analyses of sandstone samples. These samples are from the reservoir horizons of the Sylhet region and Bandarban region fields. The purpose of this analysis is to characterize the textural and mineralogical properties. Additionally, it aims to evaluate the post-depositional diagenetic changes. The results obtained from the field and laboratory analysis are studied extensively to characterize the thin-bed reservoirs. Samples from the Sylhet area are medium-coarse-grained, fairly sorted, tight packing, submature-mature sublithic characteristics. Contrarily, samples from the Bandarban region are mature-submature sublithic arenites, which are fine-medium-grained, moderately well-sorted, and moderately loosely packed. Despite the similarity of the detrital elements (quartz, feldspar, lithic grains, mica, etc.) in the two areas, silica cementation is more frequent in Sylhet region samples than early carbonate cementation in Bandarban region samples. Comparatively speaking, the sediments in the Sylhet region are more compact than those in the Bandarban region. The most important outcome of this study is that the thin bed of the unconventional reservoir and the conventional reservoir are in close proximity. The Thin-bed reservoir units of the Eastern Folded Belt are found to be medium to fine-grained and well sorted, with frequent alteration of sand-shale with the prevalence of parallel bedded sandstone. Average porosity is 4% to 12%, and pore spaces are interconnected. So, the permeability rate is good enough to flow the hydrocarbon through these pore spaces. Most importantly, the thin bed and tight reservoir (average porosity 4% to 12%, but pore spaces are not interconnected) are not more prominent than 1 meter or 2 meters. Subsequently, though the vertical thickness is not so high, they keep up a momentous tirelessness of horizontal progression. On the contrary, at whatever point it comes to a conventional reservoir, the vertical thickness is higher than that of the unconventional reservoir. But their lateral persistence is not as long as unconventional ones.

Md. Mesbah Uddin Bhuiyan, Md. Anwar Hossain Bhuiyan, Md. Saiful Islam and Umma Sabira

A Comprehensive Survey on Machine Learning and Deep Learning Techniques for Crop Disease Prediction in Smart Agriculture

Diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, and viruses are a problem for many crops. Farmers have challenges when trying to evaluate their crops daily by manual inspection across all forms of agriculture. Also, it is difficult to assess the crops since they are affected by various environmental factors and predators. These challenges can be addressed by employing crop disease detection approaches using artificial intelligence-based machine learning and deep learning techniques. This paper provides a comprehensive survey of various techniques utilized for crop disease prediction based on machine learning and deep learning approaches. This literature review summarises the contributions of a wide range of research works to the field of crop disease prediction, highlighting their commonalities and differences, parameters, and performance indicators. Further, to evaluate, a case study has been presented on how the paradigm shift will lead us to the design of an efficient learning model for crop disease prediction. It also identifies the gaps in knowledge that are supposed to be addressed to forge a path forward in research. From the survey conducted, it is apparent that the deep learning technique shows high efficiency over the machine learning approaches, thereby preventing crop loss.

Chatla Subbarayudu and Mohan Kubendiran

Role of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering in Bioremediation of Cadmium Pollution

Cadmium (Cd) is ubiquitous and an unessential trace element existing in the environment. Anthropogenic activities and applications of synthetic phosphate fertilizers greatly enhance the concentration of Cadmium in the environment, which proves to be carcinogenic. The long-term effects of heavy metals contamination on plants and animals have recently become a major public health concern. Thanks to the application of science and technology, new environmental initiatives can have a lower environmental impact significantly. The role of microbes is very well known and must be considered as potential pollutant removers. Microbial flora can remove heavy metals and oil from contaminated soil and water. In comparison to conventional techniques, bioremediation itself proved to be a more potent technique because the established mechanisms render it ineffective. Biotechnological advancements are inherently harmful to the environment because they have the potential to reduce metal pollution. Pollutants in the environment can be effectively removed using bioremediation. Both native and introduced species can thrive in a microorganism-friendly environment.

A. Kumar, G. Mukherjee and S. Gupta

Application of Membrane Separation Technology in Electroplating Wastewater Treatment and Resource Recovery: A Review

The rapid development of industry has led to the generation of a large amount of electroplating wastewater. The direct discharge of untreated electroplating wastewater may lead to the formation of toxic metal-organic complexes, which is a challenging problem for human health and the living environment of organisms. Due to the high solubility of heavy metals in aquatic environments and their easy absorption by organisms, effective treatment of electroplating wastewater is of great significance. The ultimate goal of electroplating wastewater treatment should be to recover metals and water from electroplating wastewater. In indoor experiments, pilot tests, and industrial applications of electroplating wastewater treatment, membrane treatment technology commonly used in wastewater terminal treatment has attracted great attention. Membrane treatment technology seems to be the most promising method for removing heavy metals and organic pollutants from electroplating wastewater. This article reviews the membrane treatment technologies for electroplating wastewater, introduces the advantages and disadvantages of various membranes in the treatment of electroplating wastewater, the removal efficiency of pollutant types, and their comparison. The focus is on the treatment effects of nano-filtration membrane, ultra-filtration membrane, micro-filtration membrane, reverse osmosis membrane, ceramic membrane, biofilm, etc., on electroplating wastewater. Compared with a single treatment method, the combination of different processes shows higher efficiency in removing various pollutants.

Le Zhang , Ying Chen , Huan Zhang, Yabin Jin, Zhe Shen and Gending Duan

Detection of Sulfur Oxidizing Bacteria to Oxidize Hydrogen Sulfide in Biogas from Pig Farm by NGS and DNA Microarray Technique

A high concentration of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) released from pig farming is one of the major environmental problems affecting surrounding communities. In modern pig farms, the bioscrubber is used to eliminate H2S, which is found to be driven mainly by the sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (SOB) community. Therefore, in this study, molecular biology techniques such as next-generation sequencing (NGS) and DNA microarray are proposed to study the linkage between enzyme activity and the abundance of the SOB community. The starting sludge (SFP1) and recirculating sludge (SFP2) samples were collected from the bioscrubber reactor in the pig farm. The abundance of microbial populations between the two sampling sites was considered together with the gene expression results of both soxABXYZ and fccAB. Based on the NGS analysis, the members of phylum Proteobacteria such as Halothiobacillus, Acidithiobacillus, Thiothrix, Novosphingobium, Sulfuricurvum, Sulfurovum, Sulfurimonas, Acinetobacter, Thiobacillus, Magnetospirillum, Arcobacter, and Paracoccus were predominantly found in SFP2. The presence of Cyanobacteria in SFP pig farms is associated with increased biogas yields. The microarray results showed that the expression of soxAXBYZ and fccAB genes involved in the oxidation of sulfide to sulfate was increased in Halothiobacillus, Paracoccus, Acidithiobacillus, Magnetospirillum, Sphingobium, Thiobacillus, Sulfuricurvum, Sulfuricurvum, Arcobacter, and Thiothrix. Both NGS and DNA microarray data supported the functional roles of SOB in odor elimination and the oxidation of H2S through the function of soxABXYZ and fccAB. The results also identified the key microbes for H2S odor treatment, which can be utilized to monitor the stability of biological treatment systems and the toxicity of sulfide minerals by oxidation.

Siriorn Boonyawanich, Peerada Prommeenate, Sukunya Oaew, Wantanasak Suksong, Nipon Pisutpaisal() and Saowaluck Haosagul

Total Soluble Protein Mediated Morphological Traits in Mustard Treated with Thiourea and Salicylic Acid

The total soluble protein-mediated morphological traits in mustard treated with Thiourea and Salicylic acid were investigated. In addition, it tested the hypothesis that the growth regulator salicylic acid protects the photosynthetic apparatus by up-regulating morphological traits. Under natural environmental conditions, seeds were sown in the field, and seed emergence was recorded. For three days after the 15-day stage, plants in the area were treated with thiourea and salicylic acid and allowed to grow for 90 days. Plants were harvested to assess various morphological traits. A follow-up application of SA and Thiourea plants improved plant height, leaf area, internodal length, leaf number, and accelerated plant activity. The up-regulation of morphological traits may have occurred in SA and Thiourea-mediated plants. After treatments, the level of total soluble protein was estimated in the leaves at proposed day intervals.

Shipa Rani Dey, Prasann Kumar and Joginder Singh

Assessing Riparian Floristic Diversity and Vegetation Dynamics in the Vamanapuram River Basin, Kerala: A Comprehensive Analysis

The Vamanapuram River Basin (VRB) is home to a diverse range of plant species, including 152 distinct species from 50 botanical families. Poaceae, Leguminosae, Araceae, and Aseraceae are the most abundant, with 13 species. Euphorbiaceae, Acanthaceae, Apocynaceae, and Rubiaceae also contribute to the biodiversity hotspots. The VRB’s vegetation profile is characterized by a dynamic interplay of plant forms and ecological niches, with 74 herbs, 30 shrubs, 12 grasses, 1 liana, and 35 towering trees. The Poaceae family thrives in this environment due to hydrological factors. The sampling sites P6 and P5 exhibit high relative frequency and density, with key species like Macaranga peltata, Ficus hispida, and Swietenia macrophylla. Diversity indices like the Shannon-Wiener diversity index reaffirm the VRB’s tropical forest character. Beta-diversity patterns reveal unique plant species distribution dynamics among different panchayaths, emphasizing their ecological complexities. The study emphasizes the demand for specialized management and conservation techniques in this environmentally active region.

M. V. Vincy and R. Brilliant

Application of Random Forest in a Predictive Model of PM10 Particles in Mexico City

Over time, predictive models tend to become more accurate but also more complex, thus achieving better predictive accuracy. When the data is improved by increasing its quantity and availability, the models are also better, which implies that the data must be processed to filter and adapt it for initial analysis and then modeling. This work aims to apply the Random Forest model to predict PM10 particles. For this purpose, data were obtained from environmental monitoring stations in Mexico City, which operates 29 stations of which 12 belong to the State of Mexico. The pollutants analyzed were CO carbon monoxide, NO nitrogen oxide, and PM10 particulate matter equal to or less than 10 ?g.m-3, NOx nitrogen oxide, NO2 nitrogen dioxide, SO2 sulfur dioxide, O3 ozone, and PM2.5 particulate matter equal to or less than 2.5 ?g.m-3. The result was that when calculating the certainty of our model, we have a value of 80.40% when calculating the deviation from the mean, using 15 reference variables.

Alfredo Ricardo Zárate Valencia and Antonio Alfonso Rodríguez Rosales

Response and Tolerance of Cyanobacterial Exopolysaccharides to Rice Field Herbicide 2,4-D

This study aimed to check how herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) affects the production of EPS and its composition, growth, and biomass, as well as morphology in a cyanobacterial species isolated from a rice field in Meghalaya, India. Compared to the control cells, the growth of the organism measured in terms of chlorophyll concentration increased after being exposed to 10 and 20 ppm 2,4-D. However, cultures treated with 30 and 40 ppm experienced a decrease in their growth. Likewise, the biomass content of the organism experienced a minuscule increase in content upon exposure to 10 and 20 ppm 2,4-D but was compromised upon exposure to higher doses. When exposed to 10 ppm, the total EPS content, which includes the RPS and CPS content, showed a substantial increase. Maximum EPS production was seen at 20 ppm 2,4-D. However, exposure to 30 and 40 ppm 2,4-D, EPS production in the organism experienced a significant reduction, respectively. All components of EPS, such as uronic acid, neutral sugar, and proteins, individually showed an increase in 10 and 20 ppm 2, 4-D. A similar trend was seen in the organism’s bio-flocculating activity, which increased when exposed to 10 and 20 ppm, respectively. However, this activity in cells exposed to 30 and 40 ppm 2,4-D was severely reduced. Not only the content of EPS but the rate of EPS production was also enhanced in lower concentrations of 2,4-D. Although exposure to 30 ppm 2,4-D, the rate of EPS production was not significantly compromised, 40 ppm exposure adversely affected the rate of EPS production. Furthermore, visualization using scanning electron microscopy revealed the morphological changes induced by the herbicide 2,4-D.

Sukjailin Ryntathiang, Meguovilie Sachu and Mayashree B. Syiem

A Novel Coal-Associated Soil as an Effective Adsorbent for Reactive Blue Dye Removal

The project aims to remove reactive blue dye from the effluent of textile industries by utilizing coal-associated soil as an adsorbent, as it possesses effective physical properties and distinguishing characteristics. In comparison to other separation techniques, the adsorption method is the most effective, cost-effective, and straightforward. A batch adsorption investigation was carried out to examine the various adsorption-influencing factors, including solution pH, adsorbent dosage, contact time, temperature, and dye concentration. Contact time of 30 min, an adsorbent dosage of 10g.100 mL-1, a solution pH of 7, a temperature of 30°C, and an initial dye concentration of 100 mg.L-1 were found to be optimal for dye adsorption. Using two distinct kinetic models, the evaluation of kinetic studies revealed that the pseudo-second-order provided the greatest fit, with a higher R2 value than the pseudo-first-order. The thermodynamic parameters Gibbs free energy (?G°), entropy (?S°), and enthalpy (?H°) indicated that the current adsorption system was exothermic and spontaneous. Further study of the adsorption isotherm revealed that the Langmuir isotherm model provided the best fit, with an R2 value of 0.977%.

T. R. Sundararaman, M. Millicent Mabel and G. Carlin Geor Malar

The Prostrate Spurge-isolated PGPB Endophytes, EP1-AS, and EP1-BM That Can Tolerate High Levels of Salinity and Heavy Metals and Allow Wheat Growth Under These Stressors

This research investigates the potential of two Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria (PGPB) strains, EP1-AS and EP1-BM, isolated from the halophyte Euphorbia prostrata, to enhance plant growth and provide abiotic stress resilience. The study addresses the urgent need for sustainable agricultural practices in the face of challenges like soil salinization and heavy metal contamination. The investigation comprehensively analyzes the heavy metal and salt tolerance of the PGPB strains, revealing their potential applications in promoting plant growth under adverse environmental conditions. The research further explores the impact of these PGPB strains on wheat plants subjected to varying concentrations of heavy metals and salts. Results indicate that both PGPB strains, especially EP1-BM, exhibit significant tolerance to heavy metals and salt stress. EP1-BM demonstrates remarkable resilience even under high concentrations of these stressors. The study extends its findings to in vitro testing on wheat plants, revealing the positive influence of PGPB strains on germination, shoot length, and root length in the presence of salt and heavy metals. This research underscores the significance of understanding plant-microbe interactions, particularly in the context of promoting sustainable agriculture in challenging environments. The identified resilience of PGPB strains, especially EP1-BM, suggests their potential application as bio-remediators and plant growth promoters in soils affected by salinity and heavy metal stress. The promising results observed will be followed-up field trials. They will highlight the translational potential of these PGPB strains, offering a novel avenue for developing biofertilizer formulations with a cautious approach to safety concerns. Overall, this study contributes valuable insights into harnessing the untapped potential of resilient plants and their associated microbial communities for sustainable agriculture. It addresses key global challenges outlined by the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.

Manisha Parashar and Gaurav Mudgal

Biodegradation of Cellulosic Wastes and Deinking of Colored Paper with Isolated Novel Cellulolytic Bacteria

Biofuels are the cheapest source of energy, and the continuous decline of traditional sources of energy with the increasing population leads to looking for alternatives to reduce the consumption of traditional sources of energy. Bioethanol production from lignocellulosic wastes and cellulosic wastes is not a new approach for fuel production but a cheap and accessible way for the production of fuel. Bacillus is one of the major species that can act as a source of diversified enzymes. In this study, it was emphasized on screening and isolation of a novel, characterization, and best catalytic action on both celluloses and proteins in the presence of different carbon and nitrogen sources. It was observed the effective catalytic breakdown of cellulose with the crude enzyme to glucose allowed fur for fermentation with Saccharomyces, ultimately leading to the generation of alcohol. The study aims to isolate the microbes that can produce cellulases and enzymes and could be used for biodegradation to produce ethanol in the reaction. The maximum enzyme activity was achieved at 3.112 UI with optimized pH and temperature, and the maximum conversion of sugars into alcohol was about 70% in the newspaper, cartons, colored paper, and disposable paper cups. An essential observation was the decolorization of the origami craft paper within 24 hours. The study was involved in enhancing the maximum Enzyme activity of cellulases from different cellulosic raw materials. Hence, it was achieved by JCB strain, optimization of pH, temperature, and acids for the biodegradation. The presence of peaks at 3200 and 2900 was a confirmation of ethanol bonds in the biodegradation reaction mixtures.

Jyoti Sarwan, Jagadeesh Chandra Bose, Shivam Kumar, Shruti Singh Bhargav, Sharad Kumar Dixit, Muskan Sharma, Komal Mittal, Gurmeet Kumar and Nazim Uddin

Impact of Hydraulic Developments on the Quality of Surface Water in the Mafragh Watershed, El Tarf, Algeria

The wadis are environments of great ecological and economic importance. They are the seat of several hydraulic developments. The latter disrupts the functioning of the wadi in different ways. They modify their hydrological regime, disrupt the ecological conditions upstream and downstream of the reservoir, reduce the self-purification capacities, and modify the processes of erosion and solid transport. It is in this perspective that we have carried out a study of the impact of hydraulic installations on the quality of the waters of the Mafragh watershed. The hydrographic network of the watershed receives the wastewater discharged by the localities and by the industries located along these rivers. This wastewater contributes to the degradation of the water quality of the wadis. The spatio-temporal variation of the water quality index showed a good quality at the level of the dams, while at the level of the sites, which are located downstream, the quality generally varies between bad and very bad during the study period.

Moufid. Hebbache, N. Zenati, N. Belahcene and D. Messadi

PAHs Biodegradation by Locally Isolated Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Penicillium citrinum from Liquid and Spiked Soil

In the present study, biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was examined using two fungal strains, namely P. chrysosporium and P. citrinum, isolated from locally contaminated soil. These two fungal strains were compared based on degradation properties under standardized conditions (pH 7.0, temperature 30oC, carbon source yeast extract) using PAH sole and a mixture of five different PAHs. In liquid media, PAH degradation was higher as compared to spiked soil by P. chrysosporium, followed by P. citrinum. In liquid culture, maximum degradation was 96.13% phenanathrene, 86.34% fluoranthene, 72.75% pyrene, 52.25% chrysene, and 40.16?nzo(a)pyrene by P. chrysosporium. PAH degradation in spiked soil was 78.5% phenanthrene, 65.91% fluoranthene, 61.73% pyrene, 48.2% chrysene, and 26.82?nzo(a)pyrene within 28 days by P. chrysosporium. Both local fungal isolates showed potential for degradation of PAHs alone and in PAH mixtures.

Kiran Bishnoi, Pushpa Rani, Minakshi Karwal and Narsi R. Bishnoi

Sustainable Water Conservation and Management Practices: A Perception Survey of the Farmers of Haryana, India

In order to ensure water sustainability, alarming levels of water scarcity across the globe is a critical issue warranting urgent address. The present study aims to bring to light the perception of farmers regarding water conservation and management practices from the selected five districts of the Haryana region of India. By analyzing the responses of 125 farmers, collected through a self-administered questionnaire, the impact of socio-demographic factors, current irrigation system, and cost-benefit perception of the farmers was studied on water conservation and management practices. Using ordinal regression analysis, the study revealed that the cost-benefit perception of the farmers, viz. willingness to pay an additional price for canal water and an increase in the availability of water due to canal lining, are the major factors responsible for undertaking conservation and sustainability measures. Further, socio-demographic variables such as age and education also influence water conservation behavior. The study recommends vital policy reforms and initiatives for efficient water use and management to resolve the grave concern of scarcity of usable water. The present study is unique in its suggestion of a comprehensive water conservation and management framework.

Manika Kohli and Vinakshi Grover

Hydrogen Sulfide Oxidizing Microbiome in Biogas-Stream Fed Biofilter in Palm Oil Factory

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is highly corrosive to electric generators, which is the main problem of biogas utilization. The industrial scale of the biofilter system relies on the performance of sulfide-oxidizing bacteria (SOB) via the activity of sulfur oxidation (soxABXYZ) and flavocytochrome sulfide dehydrogenase (fccAB) enzymes to reduce to a concentration below 100 ppm before using in industrial machinery. The main purpose of this research is to investigate the SOB community in full-scale H2S removal and their gene [removed]fccAB and soxABXYZ) associated with H2S elimination efficiency. In this study, SOB communities were obtained from 2 sampling sites of the full-scale biofilter of palm oil factory (PPG), comprising starting sludge (PPG1) and recirculating sludge (PPG2). The abundance of SOB strains was examined by next-generation sequencing analysis (NGS) based on the 16S rRNA gene. The changes in the expression of genes involved in sulfur oxidation, namely soxABXYZ, and fccAB, between the 2 sampling sites were evaluated by using a comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) microarray. The results indicate that the high abundance of SOB genera that could play a vital role in biofilters belonged mainly to Sulfurovum, Paracoccus, Acidihalobacter, Acidithiobacillus, Thioalkalispira, Thiofaba, Caldisericum, Bacillus, were rapidly increased in the biofilter tank. Interestingly, expressions of soxAXYZ gene cluster at PPG2 were increased in Paracoccus pantotrophus J40 and Paracoccus alkenifer DSM 11593 for 1.1188 and 1.0518-fold, respectively, while in Acidihalobacter prosperus F5, the expression of fccAB genes was up to 1.3704 fold in comparison with PPG1. Increasing both relative abundance and gene expressions at PPG2 were correlated with 95% H2S removal efficiency. Hence, stabilization of the SOB microbiome is vital to H2S removal in industrial-scale biogas applications.

Siriorn Boonyawanich, Peerada Prommeenate, Sukunya Oaew, Nipon Pisutpaisal and Saowaluck Haosagul

Circular Economy as an Important Lever to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Case of an Electricity Distribution Company in Morocco

This article discusses the major challenges related to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the electricity sector and their impact on global climate change. The electricity sector is responsible for about a quarter of total global GHG emissions. To address these challenges, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is used to measure the environmental impact of different energy sources and electricity generation and distribution processes. The circular economy is presented as a promising approach to reducing the carbon footprint of the electricity sector. By optimizing the use and value of materials throughout their life cycle, this approach contributes to waste minimization and resource efficiency. Morocco is committed to reducing its GHG emissions and has adopted policies and regulatory frameworks to combat climate change. This study aims to calculate the climate change impacts of electricity distribution phases by applying a life-cycle approach to the case of an electricity distribution company in Morocco. This assessment makes it possible to identify significant contributors from each area. In the context of this company, it is a question of demonstrating how the application of the principles of the circular economy concepts contributes to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, in particular, that of scope 3. This study may be useful for other similar companies.

Salma El Majaty, Abdellatif Touzani and Youssef Kasseh

Moss Bags as Active Biomonitors of Air Pollution: Current State of Understanding, Applications and Concerns

Dual concerns involving the rise in airborne pollutant levels and bulging need to protect-preserve human health have propelled the search for innovative means for air quality monitoring to aid in evidence-based decision-making (pollution prevention-mitigation). In this regard, moss bags have gathered a great deal of attention as active biomonitors. In this reflective discourse, we systematically review the world literature to present a bird’s eye view of moss bag applications and advances while highlighting potential concerns. We begin with a brief note on mosses as biomonitors, highlighting the advantages of moss bags over the passive technique (native moss), other living organisms (lichens, vascular plants), and instrument-based measurements. A major strand of moss bag research involves urban ecosystem sustainability studies (e.g., street tunnels and canyons, parks), while others include event-specific monitoring and change detection (e.g., SARS-CoV-2 Lockdown), indoor-outdoor air quality assessment, and change detection in land use patterns. Recent advances include biomagnetic studies, radioisotopic investigations, and mobile applications. Efforts are currently underway to couple moss bag results with a suite of indicators [e.g., relative accumulation factor (RAF), contamination factor (CF), pollution load index (PLI), enrichment factor (EF)] and spatially map the results for holistic appraisal of environmental quality (hot spot detection). However, while moss bag innovations and applications continue to grow over time, we point to fundamental concerns/uncertainties (e.g., lack of concordance in operational procedures and parameterization, ideal species selection, moss vitality) that still need to be addressed by targeted case studies, before the moss results could be considered in regulatory interventions.

Sriroop Chaudhuri and Mimi Roy

Surface Runoff Estimation Using SCS-CN Method for Kurumballi Sub-watershed in Shivamogga District, Karnataka, India

SCS-curve number (CN) is one of the most well-liked and commonly applied methods for estimating surface runoff. The present study aims to calculate surface runoff using SCS-CN watershed-based calculation and geospatial technology in the Kurumballi sub-watershed Shivamogga District of Karnataka, India. The study area covers about an area of 47.67 sq. km. The union of land use/land cover classification with hydrological soil groups (HSG) yields the runoff estimation by the SCS-CN curve approach. This method calculates the runoff volume from the land surface flows into the river or streams. Moreover, the study area’s delineation of runoff potential zones was done using the thematic integration method. Different thematic layers were used, including lithology, geomorphology, soil, slope, land use and land cover, drainage, surface water bodies, groundwater contour, and isohyetal maps. Furthermore, associating it with the SCS-CN technique, the total surface runoff volume of the study area was estimated. The total surface runoff volume in the study area is 21065849.7 m3. To this study, thematic integration with the SCS-CN approach to estimate runoff for watersheds is valuable for improving water management and soil conservation.

Govindaraju, T. Y. Vinutha, C. J. Rakesh, S. Lokanath and A. Kishor Kumar

Coal Mining and MSME: Is it Mutually Beneficial?

The existence of a coal mining company in the vicinity of the community is something to be feared related to environmental damage due to coal mining. On the other hand, coal mining can have a positive impact on the economy of communities around the mine through corporate social responsibility programs. The problem in this research is that MSMEs need help to improve their performance. Therefore, this research aims to examine how the role of mining companies through corporate social responsibility (CSR) programs can contribute to the development of MSMEs in communities around mining areas. The company provides promotional assistance, funding, and capacity building. This research conducted surveys and interviews with respondents, namely MSMEs, around mining locations. The findings show that corporate social responsibility programs in coal mining companies have a positive impact on empowering MSMEs in communities around the mine. By providing training and promotion facilities to MSMEs, mining companies can also improve MSME performance compared to providing access to financial assistance programs. The company not only takes advantage of mining and focuses on its environmental impact but also the company’s role in empowering MSMEs.

S. Bintariningtyas, T. Mulyaningsih and Y. Purwaningsih

Temperature-related Saccharification of Delignified Sawdust Materials from the Lagos Lagoon in Nigeria

Sawdust, a product of the forest industry is mostly left untreated as solid waste. This phenomenon is well observed along the Lagos Lagoon in Nigeria where hundreds of trees are cut daily by sawmills to deliver wood for mainly the furniture industry. Different types of trees are utilized in this manner and the massive amounts of sawdust produced as a result of these activities are polluting the environment causing health risks for humans and animals. Cellulose, a glucose bio-polymer is a major structural component of sawdust and could be developed as a renewable energy resource should the cellulose be degraded into glucose, a fermentable sugar. This saccharification was done with Aspergillus niger cellulase and to make the cellulose more susceptible for cellulase action the sawdust was delignified with hydrogen peroxide. Both delignified and non-delignified sawdust were treated with the cellulase enzyme at incubation temperatures of 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, and 60°C. Delignification proved to be effective as an increased amount of sugar was released from all delignified sawdust materials relative to the non-delignified materials when saccharified with A. niger cellulase. Most of the materials were degraded at an incubation temperature of 40°C and 50°C and the highest percentage saccharification of 58% was obtained during the degradation of delignifed cellulose from the tree, Ricindendron heudelotti

J. B. M. Seeletse, N. A. Ndukwe and J. P. H. van Wyk

Assessment of Continuous Growth of Glacial Lakes in the Teesta River Basin Using Semi-Automated Geospatial Approach

Global warming is one of the primary causes contributing to melting glaciers and shrinking of glaciers moth. Because of the glacier retreat, more lakes increase the risk of flooding in people’s homes and lives. Several studies on the surging glaciers have been conducted by researchers using various techniques, as well as with the aid of multiple models like the Normalized Differential Water Index (NDWI). The Number of glacial lakes is increasing in the Himalayan region due to climate change (rise of the temperature). Some glacial lakes are potentially dangerous so monitoring is very necessary. It is necessary to evaluate such vulnerable lakes. Therefore, current work is carried out to identify such glacial lakes present in the Teesta River Basin (Eastern Himalaya). Spatiotemporal Landsat data for the last four decades at intervals of ten years from 1990 to 2020 has been considered which was cloud-free and spatial resolution of 30 meters. The dataset mentioned above was used for lake identification and delineation. The findings indicate the presence of lakes with respective areas of 275 (18.90 km2), 337 (24.92 km2), 295 (22.96 km2), and 419 (31.44 km2). It has also been observed that the growth rate is increasing with approximate water spread from 1990 to 2000 (+129%), 2000 to 2010 (+106%), and 2010 to 2020 (+136%). The present study aimed to identify such glacial lakes based on their water spreading area, which is an essential step followed in the study of GLOF (Glacial Lake Outburst Flood) as it will be helpful in the identification of hazardous lakes. In that study, we found that eleven glacial lakes are in the potentially dangerous category situated in the upper Teesta Basin due to the presence of glaciers, which gives a clear reason for the time-to-time assessment of such lakes. By the conducted study it has been observed that the number of glacial lakes has increased, due to which water spread has also increased in the area. It can also be demonstrated that GIS (Geographical Information System), along with remote sensing, is one of the best tools for assessing and monitoring such change detection and differentiation of hazardous glacial lakes in the cryosphere, along with the supporting data.

A. K. Shukla, I. Ahmad, S. K. Jain and M. K. Verma

Elucidating Mycotoxin-Producing Aspergillus Species in River Water: An Advanced Molecular Diagnostic Study for the Assessment of Ecological Health and Contamination Risk

The primary goal of this research is to isolate mycotoxin-producing fungus from the Nagavali River. Examining isolated fungi involved analyzing their mycelium growth on culture media and detailed microscopic inspection. We employed PCR analysis utilizing universal primers ITS1 and ITS4 to accurately identify the species. Furthermore, we sequenced the amplified ITS region and rigorously analyzed the sequences using NCBI-BLASTn and the ITS2 database. The analysis found a high 96.38% genetic similarity to the Aspergillus flavus strain, resulting in a 600-base pair fragment size. The sequence was given the accession number OR536222 in the NCBI GenBank database. Phylogenetic analysis was performed to ascertain the particular strain of A. flavus and its source. Remarkably, this analysis led to the identification of a single new strain gene, which represents a novel discovery in the field of fungal research. These results underscore the vital significance of molecular techniques in promptly and precisely identifying organisms. This research enhances our understanding of mycotoxin contamination in water, providing valuable insights to improve detection and prevention strategies. It accentuates the overarching importance of conserving our water resources and upholding ecological equilibrium, ultimately safeguarding the well-being of both humanity and the environment.

R. Ravikiran, G. Raghu and B. Praveen

Seasonal Variability of Water Quality for Human Consumption in the Tilacancha Conduction System, Amazonas, Peru

This study evaluated the seasonal variability of water quality in the Tilacancha River, the water source that supplies Chachapoyas, and the rural communities of Levanto and San Isidro del Maino of Perú. Eighteen physical, chemical, and microbiological water parameters were evaluated at five sampling points in two seasons (rainy and dry). To determine water quality, the results obtained for the parameters evaluated were compared with the Maximum Permissible Limits (MPL) established in the Regulation on Water Quality for Human Consumption (DS Nº 031-2010-SA), approved by the Environmental Health Directorate of the Ministry of Health. In addition, a Pearson correlation was performed to estimate the correlation between the variables evaluated. The results showed that microbiological parameters exceeded the MPLs in both periods evaluated, such as the case of total coliforms (44 MPN.100 mL-1), fecal coliforms (25 MPN.100 mL-1), and E. coli (5.45 MPN.100 mL-1), these microbiological parameters reported a positive correlation with turbidity, temperature, total dissolved solids, and flow rate. In addition, aluminum (Al) and manganese (Mn) exceeded the MPL in the rainy (0.26 mg Al.L-1) and dry (1.41 mg.Mn-1.L-1) seasons, respectively. The results indicated that the water of the Tilacancha River is not suitable for human consumption. Therefore, it must be treated in drinking water treatment plants to be used as drinking water.

Jaris Veneros, Llandercita Cuchca Ramos, Malluri Goñas, Eli Morales, Erick Auquiñivín-Silva, Manuel Oliva and Ligia García

Study on the Technology of Ultrasonic, Chemical and Mechanical Combined Treatment of Oilfield Aging Oil

Aging oil is a common pollutant in petrochemical enterprises due to its severe emulsification and flocculation, poor settling performance, low oil recovery rate, and high difficulty in treatment. This article adopts the method of mechanical, ultrasonic, and chemical coupling demulsification to treat aging oil, with the water content and oil recovery rate of the treated aging oil as the inspection indicators. The experiment shows that when the oil-water ratio is 1:4, the heating temperature is 50?, the stirring speed is 180rpm, the ultrasonic frequency is 25kHz, the power is 40W, the ultrasonic time is 25min, and the pH is adjusted to 3-4. The additional amount of FeSO4 is 160mg/L, the additional amount of H2O2 is 0.11%, and the heating stirring reaction is 40min. When the dosage of cationic PAM with an ion degree of 50 is 35mg/L, the centrifugation speed is 3200rpm. The centrifugation time is 20 min, the crude oil recovery rate after aging oil treatment can reach over 94.6%, and the water content of the treated crude oil is less than 0.5%, meeting the standards for crude oil gathering and transportation in China. The oil content in the water generated after aging oil treatment is about 150 mg.L-1, the suspended solids content is 200 mg.L-1, the oil content in the residue is 6%, and the water content is 53%. By analyzing the appearance of aging oil before and after treatment, it was found that when using this process to treat aging oil, the original spatial cross-linking network structure of the aging oil was broken, allowing the water droplets wrapped in the oil to be released, thereby significantly reducing the water content in the recovered oil and improving the oil recovery rate.

Le Zhang, Jin Hu, Longlong Yan, Si Chen, Yabin Jin, Huan Zhang, Zhe Shen and Tao Yu

An Overview of Solid Waste Management Practices in Pune, Maharashtra, India

The growing population and rapid urbanization are significant challenges for Indian cities. Pune City generates nearly 2,258 tonnes of waste per day. Pune’s informal waste sector has demonstrated remarkable efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and self-sustainability. Moreover, it contributes to favorable economic and social outcomes for the city. With the support of the self-help group SWaCH Seva Sahakari Sanstha Maryadit, Pune, the municipal solid waste management model has successfully achieved a remarkable 95 percent segregation rate. Implementing the Pune municipal solid waste management model showcases the active and efficient engagement of informal waste workers in the collection and resource utilization process. This underscores the possibility of favorable economic, social, and environmental results stemming from collaborations between municipalities and waste pickers. This paper looks at the role of SWaCH in line with Pune Municipal Corporation towards the present waste management system. Primarily reliant on labor, this model accomplishes recycling tasks at a notably lower cost compared to conventional mechanized and centralized waste management approaches. It can also accomplish high recycling levels and relatively considerable plastic waste segregation. Promoting the retrieval of valuable materials, especially plastics, for local and global recycling enterprises actively contributes to the advancement of a circular urban waste management approach. The objective of this research is to explore and provide a realistic understanding of Pune’s current status of waste generation, collection, transportation, and disposal. Apart from the SwaCH-PMC model, the paper also focuses on plastic waste recycling, the Red Dot Campaign towards sanitary waste, and household e-waste management in Pune.

Nilofar Saifi and Bandana Jha

Transforming Energy Access: The Role of Micro Solar Dome in Providing Clean Energy Lighting in Rural India

Access to affordable and reliable energy sources can substantially enhance the lives of marginalized communities in rural areas. Unfortunately, numerous households in these communities rely upon unclean sources of energy such as kerosene to light the house even during daylight. To address this issue, solar off-grid technology - Micro Solar Dome (MSD) was implemented in various states across India, specifically benefiting the scheduled caste and scheduled tribe communities. The study, across the eight selected states, highlights the advantages of adopting off-grid technologies and their roles in promoting awareness of renewable energy solutions. The survey used purposive sampling to collect community members’ perceptions of the product’s benefits and their awareness of renewable technologies. The results indicated that the utilization of the product not only enhanced illumination levels within households but also contributed to improved safety, increased study hours for children, and facilitated economic activities during the evening hours. Furthermore, the study revealed that education plays a crucial role in adopting solar energy. However, interventions such as awareness programs and hands-on experiences with the products can also greatly enhance awareness and promote adoption in rural areas. Overall, the study provided compelling evidence of the significant and positive impact that small-scale initiatives like the MSD can have on the lives of marginalized communities. It also emphasized the potential of such solutions to empower these communities and improve their overall well-being.

R. Karthik, Ramya Ranjan Behera, Uday Shankar, Priyadarshi Patnaik and Rudra Prakash Pradhan

The Stabilization of Copper and Cadmium in The Hydrated CaO-CuO-SiO2 and CaO-CdO-SiO2 Composites

The stabilization of toxic metals in the stable matrices is quite well-known. Research on copper and cadmium stabilization in the CaO-CuO-SiO2 and CaO-CdO-SiO2 composites was conducted to study the characteristics of CaO-CuO-SiO2 and CaO-CdO-SiO2 composites as well as the Cu and Cd metals stabilization in the hydrated composites. The composites of CaO-CuO-SiO2 and CaO-CdO-SiO2 were synthesized by the solid-state reaction method. A stoichiometric amount of CaO, SiO2, Cu(NO3)2, and CdO were calcined at 1050°C for 4 hours. The synthesized compounds were further hydrated in a soaking time of 30, 60, and 90 days. The hydration produced calcium silicate hydrate that can stabilize metals. The Cu and Cd stability in CaO-CuO-SiO2 and CaO-CdO-SiO2, respectively, were tested using the Toxicity Leaching Procedure (TCLP) method. The hydrated and hydrated composite characterizations were performed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectrophotometer (FTIR), and Scanning Energy Mocroscopy-Energy Dispersive X-ray analyzer (SEM-EDX) and the Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) methods. The composites mainly consist of Ca3SiO5, Ca2SiO4, Ca(OH)2, SiO2, and metal oxide of CuO, Cu2O, and CdO. The composites were able to stabilize ~100% of the heavy metals of Cu and Cd.

A. K. Prodjosantoso, Y. Febriadi, A. R. P. Utami and M. P. Utomo

Study of Chlorella vulgaris from Different Growth Phases as Biosensor for Detection of Titanium and Silver Nanoparticles in Water

The increased use of metallic nanoparticles has led to concern for environmental contamination and disruption in water quality. Therefore, effective screening of metallic nanoparticles is important for detecting metallic nanoparticles in aquatic environments. Biosensors offer several advantages, including high sensitivity to pollutants, short response time, energy efficiency, and low waste generation. In this study, a whole-cell biosensor was developed using microalga Chlorella vulgaris as a recognition element, and its fluorescence response was used as a measuring parameter for detecting the presence of titanium dioxide (TiO2) and silver (Ag) nanoparticles in water. The responses of C. vulgaris at the lag, exponential, and stationary phases to different concentrations of TiO2 and Ag nanoparticles were studied. The results showed that in TiO2 and Ag nanoparticles exposures, the highest fluorescence change (50-150%) was observed at the lag phase, whereas the lowest fluorescence change (40-75%) was observed at the stationary phase. A significant fluorescence change was observed in 15 min. The immobilized C. vulgaris under TiO2 and Ag nanoparticles exposures showed 30-180% higher fluorescence change than the negative control, indicating the potential of C. vulgaris as a biosensor for rapid detection of TiO2 and Ag nanoparticles in water. The mathematical modeling of the responses of C. vulgaris to TiO2 and Ag nanoparticles at 15 min of exposure with high R2 indicated that this biosensor is sensitive to the concentration tested (0.010–10.000 mg.L-1). Taken together, these results reveal that, for the first time, it is possible to detect TiO2 and Ag nanoparticles in water within a very short time using a microalgae-based biosensor. Moreover, no genetic engineering requirement makes this biosensor simple, economical, and free from the restriction on genetically modified microorganisms for environmental applications.

Arularasi Thenarasu, Mee Kin Chai, Yeong Hwang Tan, Ling Shing Wong, Ranjithkumar Rajamani and Sinouvassane Djearamane

Assessment of the Swelling Behavior of NaOH-Contaminated Red Earth in the Visakhapatnam Region of India Using X-ray Diffraction Analysis

Research on the impact of alkali contamination on the swelling behavior of red earth in the Visakhapatnam region has been notably limited. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effects of alkali (NaOH) contamination on the swelling characteristics of the region’s red earth. The red earth of this region was found to be a well-graded sandy soil with 81% sand and 18% fines. X-ray diffraction studies showed that this region’s red earth mainly consists of quartz, kaolinite, and hematite. The soil is inherently non-swelling. However, the free swell tests showed considerable swell under contamination of NaOH solutions of various normalities (0.05, 0.1, 1, 2, and 4N). One-dimensional consolidation tests have shown that the swell increased with the concentration of the NaOH solution and with the duration of the interaction. Red earth exhibited 'an equilibrium swelling' of 5.6, 10, 15, 17, and 20% when contaminated with 0.05, 0.1, 1, 2, and 4N NaOH solutions, respectively. XRD studies revealed that the red earth sample contaminated with even 0.05N NaOH solution and cured for 56 days exhibited the formation of zeolites analcime and natrolite. Silicate minerals like paragonite and ussingite were also formed along with the zeolites. N-A-S-H compounds, hydrosodalites, and zeolites like super hydrated natrolite, zeolite SSZ16, and zeolite ZK-14 were formed at higher normalities of NaOH after a curing period of 56 days, which caused increased swell. The research demonstrated that the formation of zeolites resulting from the alkali contamination led to swelling in the red earth.

Srikanth Satish Kumar Darapu and Sai Kumar Vindula

Eco-Engineered Low-Cost Carbosorbent Derived from Biodegradable Domestic Waste for Efficient Total Chromium Removal from Aqueous Environment: Spectroscopic and Adsorption Study

Chromium contamination in water bodies poses severe risks to both the environment and human health. This research introduces an innovative solution to this challenge by creating a vapor-activated carbosorbent from biodegradable household waste. The efficacy of this adsorbent in removing total chromium through batch methods from aqueous solutions was investigated. Surface analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) exhibited a porous structure, while Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) identified distinct functional groups on the surface. The point of zero charge (PZC), determined at 6.95, revealed the adsorbent’s surface chemistry. Impressively, the synthesized carbosorbent exhibited significant adsorption capacities of 23.08 mg.g-1 for Cr(III) and 24.84 mg.g-1 for Cr(VI) under optimal conditions. The Langmuir isotherm model illustrated a monolayer adsorption mechanism aligned with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, confirming chemisorption. Thermodynamic analysis disclosed favorable and spontaneous chromium adsorption. Negative ?G° values affirmed the spontaneity, while the exothermic nature of the process was signified by the positive ?H° value, indicating heat release. Increased randomness at the solid-liquid interface, indicated by the positive ?S° value, underscored the enhanced affinity between the adsorbent and adsorbate. This study exemplifies the potential of the vapor-activated carbosorbent as an efficient and sustainable remedy for chromium-contaminated water bodies.

Vandana Saxena, Ashish Kumar Singh, Atul Srivastava and Anushree Srivastava

Invasive Aquatic Plants as Potential Sustainable Feedstocks for Biochar Production and as an Innovative Approach for Wastewater Treatment

Biochar (BC) is a well-established physical treatment method. The high-cost BC limits their use as adsorbents in wastewater. Thus, deriving BC from cheap and locally available waste materials is needed to develop a feasible waste removal technology. Nowadays, BC technology makes it possible to envision a new strategy to manage invasive plants by converting them into value-added products like BC. Hence, the present study was designed to evaluate the potential utilization of BC as an efficient filter medium made by invasive aquatic plants, Salvinia spp., and Eichhornia spp. A mass of 50 g of prepared activated and nonactivated BC was incorporated in a sand and gravel filter to treat rubber-manufactured wastewater. Wastewater was passed through the filter, and both raw and treated water samples were analyzed for pH, Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN), Ammoniacal-Nitrogen (NH3-N), Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Phosphates (TP), Nitrate (NO3-N), turbidity and heavy metals (Zinc, Chromium). The control filter was developed only with sand and gravel, excluding BC. Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to analyze BC’s chemical and physical characteristics. A brine shrimp lethality assay was carried out for toxicological evaluation. OH stretching (3,550-3,200 cm?1), C=C aromatic stretching (1400-1660 cm?1), and Phenol-O-H bending (1,300-1,400 cm?1) were recorded in all BC samples that involved the adsorption mechanism. Observed images indicated differences in surface morphology of both activated and nonactivated BC were observed under SEM observation. The study concludes that the filter unit incorporated with activated Eichhornia spp. Gave the best treatment efficiency when compared to filter units incorporated with other activated and nonactivated BC. The toxicity assay revealed 100% mortality in the control setup and raw wastewater but only 60–70% in the nonactivated BC integrated filters. Activated BC-incorporated filters showed no mortalities. Hence, the study’s outcomes suggest a green approach using invasive aquatic plants for sustainable wastewater treatment.

K. M. P. I. Jayathilake, P.M. Manage and F. S Idroos

Evaluation of an Electrocoagulation Process Modified by Fenton Reagent

This article is oriented to the degradation of nickel in an ionic state at laboratory level from synthetic water made with nickel sulfate, using the electrocoagulation process with aluminum cathodes and modifying this process by the addition of the Fenton reagent, which results from the combination of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and ferrous sulfate (FeSO4) being this reagent a catalyst and oxo-coagulant agent, The efficiency of this reagent will be compared with the typical treatment with aluminum sulfate, which is a typical process based on ion exchange/coagulation at the same percentage concentrations as the Fenton reagent. For this purpose, the optimum conditions of the advanced electrocoagulation process were determined, which consisted of determining the concentrations of Fenton’s reagent at concentrations of 150 ppm, 300 ppm, and 450 ppm, in addition to the operating variables such as pH of 8 and 10, voltage of 17.5 V and 19 V and their reaction time, which were compared with aluminum sulfate at 300 ppm, 600 ppm, and 900 ppm. The results obtained with respect to the typical treatment were 0% nickel degradation. However, with the advanced oxidation treatment, an average reduction of 97.5% was found at the conditions of 19 V, pH 10, and Fenton 150 ppm in a time of 30 min.

M. A. López-Ramírez, O. P. Castellanos-Onorio, F. Lango-Reynoso, M. del R. Castañeda-Chávez, J. Montoya-Mendoza, M. Díaz-González and B. Ortiz-Muñiz

A Comprehensive Study of Remote Sensing Technology for Agriculture Crop Monitoring

With the rapid advancement of Remote Sensing Technology, monitoring the agricultural land has become a facile task. To surveil the growth of paddy crops and provide detailed information regarding monitoring soil, drought, crop type, crop growth, crop health, crop yield, irrigation, and fertilizers, different types of remote sensing satellites are used like Landsat 8, Sentinel 2, and MODIS satellite. The main aim of Landsat 8, Sentinel 2 and MODIS satellites is to monitor the land and vegetation area and to provide data regarding agricultural activities. Each of these satellites possesses a different spectral band, resolution, and revisit period. By using the remote sensing spectral indices, different types of vegetation indices are calculated. This survey paper provides comprehensive about Remote Sensing and the major parameters that influence for growth of paddy crops, like soil and water, and the future scope of agriculture and its demand in research is discussed.

R. Sathiya Priya and U. Rahamathunnisa

Forensic Identification and Isolation of Pathogenic Bacteria From Raw Vegetables and Fruits

The consumption of contaminated fruits and vegetables is the prime cause of outbreaks of various human diseases. Although fruits and vegetables have high nutritional value, today because of their contamination during handling while performing harvesting and post-harvesting techniques, they are harmful to human health. Most of them are eaten raw without being washed or without providing any treatment. Vegetables and fruits, being rich nutritional sources, can act as carriers or vectors of pathogenic microorganisms, which can create a serious issue for the health of the community targeted. This entire research is based on an emerging field of Forensic Microbiology. Various types of microbial agents can be utilized as bioweapons to conduct the bio crime or bioterrorism through food and water. This research also represents that the identification of microbial agents is very much necessary for the welfare of humans. Identification and isolation of different pathogenic bacteria from raw vegetables and fruits can also shed some light on the terms of the necessity of Forensic Microbiology.

Anuradha Sharma and Sakshi Manhas

Statistical Performance of Gridded Rainfall Datasets Over Ungauged Jalaur River Basin, Philippines

The study presented aims to find the most appropriate climate dataset for the data-scarce Jalaur River Basin (JRB), Iloilo, Philippines, by evaluating the statistical performance of five rainfall datasets (APHRODITE, CPC NOAA, ERA5, SA-OBS, and PGF-V3) with resolutions of 0.25° and 0.5° having a time domain of 1981 to 2005. Bilinear interpolation implemented through Climate Data Operator (CDO) was used to extract and process grid climate datasets with Linear scaling as bias correction to minimize product simulation uncertainties. The datasets were compared to the lone meteorological station nearest to JRB investigated at monthly and annual timescales using six statistical metrics, namely, Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r), coefficient of determination (R2), modified index of agreement (d1), Kling-Gupta efficiency, Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), and RMSE-observations standard deviation ratio (RSR). The results indicate a strong positive correlation with the observed data for both rainfall and temperature (r > 0.8; R2, d1 > 0.80). Although graphical observation shows an underestimation of rainfall, goodness-of-fit values indicate very good model performance (NSE, KGE > 0.75; RSR < 0.50). In terms of temperature, variable responses are observed with significant overestimation for maximum temperature and underestimation for minimum temperature. SA-OBS proved to be the best-performing dataset, followed by ERA5 and PGF-V3. These key findings supply useful information in deciding the most appropriate gridded climate dataset for hydrometeorological investigation in the JRB and could enhance the regional representation of global datasets.

Christsam Joy S. Jaspe-Santander and Ian Dominic F. Tabañag

Fabrication of Tin and Zinc Gas Diffusion Electrodes for Electrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide

This study explores the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) using tin (Sn) and zinc (Zn) catalyst-loaded gas diffusion electrodes (GDEs). The research explores the influence of electrolytic potential and catalyst loading on the efficiency of CO2 conversion to valuable chemicals, specifically formic acid and carbon monoxide. The best Sn loading for Sn-loaded GDEs, according to the morphological study, is 7 mg.cm-2, which results in higher current density (0.33 mA.cm-2) and current efficiency (36%). An electrolytic potential of -1.3 V Vs. Ag/AgCl is identified as optimal for Sn GDEs, offering a balance between high current efficiency (35%) and controlled current density. For Zn-loaded GDEs, an optimal loading of 5 mg.cm²- yields the highest current efficiency of 19.4% and a peak current density of 0.28 mA.cm²- at an electrolytic potential of -1.55 V Vs. Ag/AgCl, in addition to highlighting the crucial role that catalyst loading and electrolytic potential play in enhancing CO2 reduction efficiency, this research offers insightful information for environmentally friendly CO2 conversion technology.

R. M. H. H. Jayarathne, A. R. Nihmiya, A. H. L. R. Nilmini and P. K. D. D. P. Pitigala

Experimental Analysis of Anaerobic Co-digestion: Potential of Fruit Wastes

This study focuses on converting fruit waste into usable clean energy by an innovative, cost-effective anaerobic biodigester. The biodigester is designed to anaerobically digest various fruit wastes and starter inoculums of cow dung that are locally obtained. A batch vertical digester of 1000 liters capacity built of fiber with a phonematic agitator positioned in the center is used to improve mixing. The retention time is 30 days with a substrate of banana peels co-digested with mango and papaya peels individually in the ratio of 50:50. The combined wastes generated the biogas and the total quantity of biogas generated for all combined wastes over 21 days varies between 530L/day and 480L/day respectively. In this work, banana and mango peel (waste/water) split 50:50 gives a peak yield of 530L/day. The average ambient temperatures are kept in the range of 25°C to 35°C (i.e., mesophilic range). The pH range of 6.4 to 7.8 is consistently maintained and seems to be stable. Therefore, this proposed anaerobic digester would reduce the disposal of solid waste, and it is cost-effective. After cleaning, it is observed that the combined peels of bananas and papaya contained 91.95% of the estimated biogas and methane, which can be used to solve energy issues such as electricity production and cooking purposes.

S. Sathish, A. Saravanan, R. Suresh, K. Saranya, R. Sarweswaran, G. Balaji and S. Seralathan

Comparative Analysis of Various Seed Sludges for Biohydrogen Production from Alkaline Pretreated Rice Straw

The present work studied the effects of alkali pretreatment on the cellulosic biomass of rice straw. The improvement in the cellulose content and reduction in the lignin and hemicellulose percentage was observed with alkali pretreatment. Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis confirm the modification in the surface structure of alkali rice straw. Further, the study investigated the potential of different types of seed sludge as inoculum sources for dark fermentative biohydrogen production. In comparison to other sludge samples (beverage industry, food industry, and sewage treatment plant sludge), the mixed culture of sewage treatment plant sludge had the highest cumulative volume of biohydrogen (90.52 mL), as well as the highest hydrogen production yield (0.75 moleH2/mole) with the substrate utilization of 86.72%. The results provide information on the best sludge source for enhancing biohydrogen production in the dark fermentation method.

Pushpa Rani, Chhotu Ram, Arti Yadav, Deepak Kumar Yadav, Kiran Bishnoi and Narsi Ram Bishnoi

Effectiveness of Activated Carbon from Nutmeg Shell (Myristica fragrans) Waste as Adsorbent for Metal Ions Pb(II) and Cu(II) in Liquid Waste

Various wastes can be utilized to produce activated carbon, one of the wastes that can be utilized is nutmeg shell (Myristica fragrans). Activated carbon from nutmeg shells (Myristica fragrans) was used in this study to reduce the content of Pb(II) and Cu(II) ions in liquid waste. This research utilized the adsorption method with the batch system to determine the optimum contact time, optimum pH, and adsorption capacity. The characterization of activated carbon was done by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Surface Area Analyzers (SAA). The content of Pb(II) and Cu(II) ions in the filtrate after adsorption was analyzed using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The results of SEM analysis showed that the carbon surface was cleaner and had more open pores after the activation process than before activation. The carbon surface area is 19.6243 m2.g-1. From the results of AAS analysis, the optimum time and pH for Pb(II) and Cu(II) ions was 40 min at pH 5 and 70 min at pH 4. With the Freundlich isotherm method, the adsorption capacity of the adsorbent for Pb(II) ions was 9.6028 mg.g-1 and Cu(II) ions was 0.035 mg.g-1, and the adsorption effectiveness on liquid waste for Pb and Cu metals was 1.9454 mg.g-1 and 0.4251 mg.g-1, respectively. The results showed that activated carbon from the nutmeg shell (Myristica fragrans) was able to reduce the levels of Pb(II) and Cu(II) ions in liquid waste.

Ishar, Paulina Taba and Fahruddin

The Effect of Senegal River Irrigation Water Quality on Soil Salinization: A Study of the Main Canal of the M’Pourie Plain in Mauritania

In this study, the Senegal River, being the main source of water, plays a crucial role in the area’s agricultural development. Irrigation on the M’Pourie plain using water from the Senegal River is carried out without any prior sanitation control. An evaluation of the quality of irrigation water and its impact on soil salinization in different agricultural plots soil salinity is crucial for the effective utilization of traditional irrigation water over extended periods. Comprehensive physico-chemical analyses were conducted across nine locations on the M’Pourie plain in Rosso during the dynamic seasons of 2021-2023. Nevertheless, a relatively small number of studies have employed soil salinity indexing methods to examine the consequences of river irrigation on soil salinity. The analysis and interpretation of the results obtained were based both on classic methods (average and correlations) and more advanced techniques such as principal component analysis (PCA) and the Piper diagram which allow characterization and a spatial typology of water. Analysis of the Piper diagram highlights the distinction between two groups of water, weakly and moderately mineralized, ranging from 52.22 ?S.cm-1 in the dry season to 72.22 ?S.cm-1 in the rainy season, presenting a sodium-potassium bicarbonate facies The variability of irrigation water supplies, proves to be important in the functioning of an agro-systems. Two modes of operation have become individualized: the dry phase mode, characterized by very strong mineralization of the water linked to a significant load of dissolved elements, and the wet phase mode, whose water quality is poorly mineralized but shows the impact that its irrigation water can represent in the loading of organic and mineral pollution and the need for strict control of these waters upstream before their agricultural use. The results of this study show the absence of risks of soil salinization in relation to the chemical nature of irrigation water and the impact of agriculture on the M’Pourie plain.

Mewgef El Ezza dite Hanane Djieh Cheikh Med Fadel, B. A. Dick, E. C. S’Id, M. B. Ammar, Ould Sidi Y. M., L. S. Mohamed, Mohamed lemine Yehdhih and Mohamed Fekhaoui

A Comparative Review on Bisphenol A Sources, Environmental Levels, Migration, and Health Impacts in India and Global Context

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a widely utilized chemical found in numerous everyday products, including plastic containers, food packaging, and thermal paper. Research has linked BPA exposure to a range of health concerns, encompassing developmental and reproductive issues, cancer, and obesity. Given India's status as one of the world's largest producers and consumers of plastic goods, understanding the potential risks associated with BPA exposure and its health impacts on the Indian population is of paramount importance. This paper conducts a comparative analysis of BPA sources, environmental levels, migration, and health impacts in India in comparison to other countries. By examining data from various nations, we aim to discern overarching trends and patterns in BPA exposure and its associated health effects. This analysis serves as a foundation for the development of policies and regulations designed to safeguard public health. While the Indian government has taken some regulatory steps, such as banning the production, import, and sale of BPA-containing polycarbonate baby bottles, there is a notable absence of specific regulations or bans on BPA in other food-contact materials (FCMs). Studies conducted in India have detected BPA in various food items, underscoring the potential risk of BPA exposure through food consumption. This emphasizes the urgent need for effective monitoring and control of BPA migration in FCMs within India. In conclusion, this comparative review underscores the imperative for ongoing research and rigorous monitoring of BPA exposure and its health impacts in India, as well as in other nations. Safeguarding the health of the general public necessitates a comprehensive understanding of BPA's prevalence, sources, and consequences. By implementing and refining regulations, such as extending bans on BPA in additional FCMs, policymakers can work towards mitigating the risks associated with BPA exposure and ensuring the safety of populations worldwide.

Sugata Datta, Abhishek Chauhan, Anuj Ranjan, Abul Hasan Sardar, Hardeep Singh Tuli, Seema Ramniwas, Moyad Shahwan, Ujjawal Sharma and Tanu Jindal

Towards a Greener Tomorrow: Exploring the Potential of AI, Blockchain, and IoT in Sustainable Development

This article examines the potential for artificial intelligence (AI), blockchain, and the Internet of Things (IoT) to advance sustainability. Through a literature review and critical analysis, the study evaluates the possible advantages, difficulties, and opportunities of utilizing these technologies to support a sustainable future. The research study emphasizes how effective AI is at streamlining resource management, increasing system efficiency, and optimizing energy use. It focuses on the potential of blockchain to improve supply chain accountability and transparency, and it also discusses the game-changing potential of IoT to improve resource management. However, some issues must be resolved, including excessive costs, technological difficulties, data privacy concerns, and social repercussions. The essay advocates creating multidisciplinary research programs, funding R&D, and supporting collaborative relationships. It also suggests creating sustainable implementation plans, prioritizing ethical issues and data governance, and encouraging information exchange and awareness. By accepting these proposals, stakeholders may leverage the promise of green technology and innovation to build a sustainable future. It is also clear that the Internet of Things (IoT) can potentially optimize resource management. Real-time data on a variety of topics, including traffic conditions, air and water quality, and water management, can be provided through IoT-enabled sensors. Cities may reduce traffic, increase energy efficiency, enhance environmental conditions, and encourage sustainable water management techniques by utilizing this data to inform their decisions. However, serious consideration must be given to data privacy, security, scalability, and interoperability issues to ensure IoT solutions’ ethical and efficient adoption. Despite their enormous potential, the paper acknowledges the difficulties and constraints in implementing these technologies. Significant obstacles include high implementation costs, complex technical requirements, and the requirement for adequate data privacy and security safeguards. A sustainable and inclusive future also requires resolving ethical issues, including algorithmic prejudice, social fairness, and equitable access to technology. The report recommends encouraging cooperative relationships between academia, business, government, and communities to address these issues. Research and development investments are required to evaluate these technologies’ practical use, scalability, and economic viability. In addition, multidisciplinary research initiatives can comprehensively comprehend green technology and innovation’s social, economic, and environmental effects. It has been concluded that there is great potential for future technologies, such as AI, blockchain, and IoT, to advance sustainability. Stakeholders can use these technologies’ revolutionary potential to build a sustainable future by resolving obstacles, promoting collaboration, and doing additional research. To ensure the ethical and successful application of green technology and innovation for the benefit of the environment and future generations, it is essential to prioritize ethical considerations, establish sustainable implementation strategies, and foster information exchange and awareness.

Megha Chauhan and Deepali Rani Sahoo

Underlying Anthropogenic Driving Factors of Forest Landscape Degradation in the Kilimanjaro World Heritage Site, Tanzania Using Survey-based Data

This study aimed to investigate the underlying anthropogenic driving factors of forest landscape degradation in the Kilimanjaro World Heritage Sites (WHS), Tanzania using survey-based data. The essence is to support strategic policies for forest landscape protection and natural heritage sustainability. The research employed empirical data using mixed questionnaires of experts and residents to identify various indirect anthropogenic driving factors of forest degradation, analyze rural poverty and causal mechanisms as indirect anthropogenic drivers of forest degradation, and evaluate the level of awareness and community involvement in forest protection. ArcGIS was used to generate the Maps. About 140 sample sizes were utilized for this study. Using purposive and simple random techniques, about 46 and 100 mixed questionnaires were distributed to experts in forest guard and residents, respectively. Data were analyzed using quantitative and qualitative techniques. Findings showed that indirect factors of forest degradation include high tourism demand, poverty, culture and tradition of local communities, lack of forest protection and conservation education, and insufficient land availability. Also, findings showed that rural poverty as an indirect anthropogenic driving factor of forest degradation is attributed to unemployment in rural areas, inadequate land for agriculture, and insufficient productive forestry availability. Additionally, this study revealed that residents are aware that the forest is under the government’s protection, and most people in local communities are not involved in activities for forest protection. Therefore, the study suggests that the locals should be involved in the activities that promote forest protection for effective control and management. Alternative heating methods should also be explored to reduce much pressure on the available forest to improve the natural heritage sustainability of natural WHS found in Sub-Saharan Africa and other parts of the Global South.

E. A. Enoguanbhor, G.O. Chukwurah, E. C. Enoguanbhor, M.O. Isimah, A. E. O. Kosun, N. I. Ewurum and Eike Albrecht

Optimization of Aviation Biofuel Development as Sustainable Energy Through Simulation of System Dynamics Modeling

This study aims to optimize the development of aviation biofuel as a sustainable energy source by simulating system dynamics modeling. This study is based on the System Dynamics modeling approach, which is a set of conceptual tools designed to understand the structure and dynamics of complex systems. This study used the system dynamics method specifically designed to analyze complex systems. It has been applied to various sustainability-related issues, including urban area sustainable development modeling, sustainability of water resources, environmental management, and sustainable urbanization. The result obtained using the quantitative modeling showed that the contribution of aviation biofuel to flight intensity in Indonesia is still insignificant. The practical implications of this study are that palm oil has the potential to be a viable raw material for aviation biofuel production in Indonesia, and implementing policies to mitigate negative consequences and optimize land use for aviation biofuel fuel production can contribute to sustainable urban development. The originality of this study lies in its use of System Dynamics modeling to analyze the potential of palm oil as a raw material for aviation biofuel production and identify the various social, economic, environmental, and technological factors that impact it.

Didi Nuryadin, Mohammad Nurcholis, Gita Astyka Rahmanda and Indra Wahyu Pratama

Accumulation and Translocation of Heavy Metals in Hibiscus cannabinus Grown in Tannery Sludge Amended Soil

Digested sludge wasted by tanneries is rich in nutrients and trace elements however, the presence of toxic metals restricts their use in agriculture. The present study explores the possible application of tannery sludge amendment for the cultivation of an energy crop, Hibiscus cannabinus. The toxicity of various sludge amendments (25, 50, 75, and 100%, w/w) was examined during early seedling growth, followed by metal accumulation potential by performing pot experiments. Chemical characterization revealed the presence of Cr (709.6), Cu (366.43), Ni (74.6), Cd (132.71), Pb (454.8) ?g.g-1 in tannery sludge beside N (2.1%), P 3.8 & K 316.96 (kg.hec-1.) respectively. Germination of H. cannabinus exposed to sludge extracts ranged between 80 to 95%; Relative seed germination, 81.33 to 84.43%. Relative root growth, 0.9 to 1.16 cm; and germination index, 95 to 110%. It was found that sludge extracts have not caused adverse effects on seed germination and early seedling growth. Heavy metal accumulation was observed as follows: Ni (3.37, 2.38, 1.46 & 0.90 mg.kg-1) > Pb (10.59, 10.15, 5.26, & 2.84 mg.kg-1) > Cu (2.34, 2.24, 0.97 & 0.24 mg.kg-1) > Cd (2.31, 1.19, 1.33 & 1.12 mg.kg-1) > Cr (1458, 1136.12, 601.73 & 211.6 mg.kg-1) in 100, 75, 50, & 25% sludge amended soil, respectively. The bio-concentration pattern of metals was found to be in the order of root > leaf > stem. The findings of the present study give direction for the eco-friendly and cost-effective management of tannery sludge. Further, H. cannabinus can be used for the restoration of metal-contaminated agricultural land, however, results need to be corroborated with field trials.

Anita, Mahiya Kulsoom, Aneet Kumar Yadav, Monu Kumar, Kamla Pat Raw, Satguru Prasad and Narendra Kumar

Beachgoers’ Knowledge, Perceptions, and Willingness to Pay for Sustainable Waste Management in Kuakata Sea Beach, Bangladesh

With rising public awareness and concern for environmental sustainability, calls for nature-friendly marine and beach litter management have grown louder. This study, employing logistic and ordinary least square regressions, explores tourists’ knowledge, perceptions, and willingness to pay (WTP) using data (n = 400) collected from Kuakata Sea Beach, Bangladesh. Results showed that approximately 99% of the respondents recognize the urgency for further development in the waste management system, while 53% are aware of it. Gender is identified as a statistically significant factor impacting beachgoers’ WTP – males are willing to pay more. Besides, visitors with higher incomes demonstrate the willingness to pay more. Additionally, 37% of the respondents think that appropriate information dissemination and raising awareness are critical to confronting this problem, and another 38% recommended proper placement of dustbins on the beach. These outcomes can be very useful in designing any relevant policies for promoting sustainable beach waste management.

Md. Al Amin and Md. Tanvir Ahmed

Evaluation of Grid-Based Aridity Indices in Classifying Aridity Zones in Iraq

In this study, the aridity index (AI) based on gridded climate data was validated for defining aridity and classifying aridity zones in Iraq through comparison with the results obtained by the station-based aridity index. Gauge-based gridded climate data taken from Climatic Research Unit Timeseries (CRU TS) were used to determine the annual value of four aridity indices (Lang, De Martonne, Ernic and UNEP AI) over the period 1998-2011. The results showed that the aridity distribution maps derived using grid-based aridity indices were reasonably close to those found using station-based ones. The four aridity indices properly identified similar aridity (dryness) classifications in both the station-based and grid-based aridity maps. The area percentage of each aridity class predicted by grid-based AIs was also compared with that obtained by the station-based AIs. The results showed that the variances between the area percentages predicted by grid-based AIs and those estimated using station-based AIs are fairly slight. The Lang AI exhibited the least variance (0.4%) while the De Martonne AI had the biggest variance (-4.8%). Despite these minor variances, it is however possible to conclude that the grid-based aridity index classified the aridity zones of Iraq as properly as the station-based aridity index did.

Wisam Alawadi, Ayman Alak Hassan and Ammar Dakhil

Alleviation of Different Climatic Conditions by Foliar Application of Salicylic Acid and Sodium Nitroprusside and Their Interactive Effects on Pigments and Sugar Content of Maize Under Different Sowing Dates

The agricultural sector is seriously impacted by climate change, leading to potential risks to food security. In terms of global food production, maize ranks third. As a result, crop production and food security depend critically on assessing the effects of climate change and developing measures to adapt maize. Regarding adaptability, changing planting dates and using different agrochemicals are more effective than other management. Crop models are part of a global decision support system to help farmers maximize yields despite unpredictable weather patterns. To mitigate yield loss and protect the ecosystem, it is essential to use efficient maize-sowing practices in the field. This experiment was carried out to identify the most favorable sowing dates that maximize yield while ensuring the crop’s productivity and the integrity of the surrounding ecosystem remain intact. The main aim of this experiment was to mitigate the different climatic conditions by exogenous application of salicylic acid (SA) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) on pigments and sugar content in maize under different sowing dates. A field experiment was carried out in the School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India, during the spring season of 2022. The experiment dealt with various maize crops, PMH-10, sourced from the Punjab Agricultural University (PAU), Punjab. The experiment was conducted in an open-air environment. The experimental setup was laid out in a split-plot design. The results stated that foliar application of salicylic acid and sodium nitroprusside successfully influenced high-temperature tolerance and low temperature at the reproductive phase and initial vegetative stages with other growing climatic conditions of maize in early and late sowings when controlled by increasing the chlorophyll index, carotenoids content, and sugar content of maize.

Priyanka Devi and Prasann Kumar

An Appraisal of the Legal Frameworks and Policy Shift in the Nigerian Energy Sector

This paper will explore policy shifts in Nigeria’s oil and gas, solar, nuclear, and mineral energy sectors. This policy shift by way of a transition, indigenization, and Nigerianization, has given way to deregulation, decentralization, and de-indigenization of many industries, most notably in the oil and gas sector, through the Petroleum Industry Act (PIA) of 2021 and the Local Content Act of 2010 (LCA). The paper recommends, amongst others, the establishment of a new legal regime that grants resource-based and property rights to resource-bearing communities and incorporates principles of international law, energy diplomacies, International Environmental Law, and international best practices.

Michael Otu, Brian F. I. Anyatang, Bassey Kooffreh and Rose Ohiama Ugbe

Heavy Metal Concentration in Fish Species Clarias gariepinus (Catfish) and Oreochromis niloticus (Nile Tilapia) from Anambra River, Nigeria

Studies have emphasized that the presence of heavy metals in freshwater fish represents a global public health issue. Nigeria, being a developing nation with less emphasis on the quality of seafood consumed by the residents, ranks this study very vital. The policy implication of this study is the advancement of a healthy population in contemporary Nigeria. Hence, this study assessed heavy metal concentration in two fish species, Clarias gariepinus (Catfish) and Oreochromis niloticus (Nile Tilapia), in the Anambra River. The sample included twenty fishes, of which eighteen were collected from the three sampling locations (the fish ports of Anambra River), namely Otu-nsugbe, Otuocha, and Ikemivite) while two control samples were collected from a pond about 200 m away from the river. The levels of heavy metals were determined using Varian AA 240 atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The results showed that the concentrations of heavy metals (cadmium and arsenic) in the sampled fishes from Anambra River exceeded the joint World Health Organization and Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO/WHO) standard for fish and fish product consumption, while the concentration of chromium, mercury, and lead are within the permissible limit. The study also showed the distribution of the heavy metals in the fish organ varies among fish species. Heavy metals occur higher in Clarias garepinus than in Oreochromis niloticus, while tissue preference for heavy metal accumulation is in the order of gill > liver > muscle. It was recorded from this study that the heavy metal concentration in the fish from the pond is generally higher than the fish from the river for some metals. The high level of heavy metals in the sampled fish was attributed to heavy metals contamination of the river as a result of various anthropogenic activities such as mining, burning of fossil fuel and emission from the exhaust of boats/vehicles, overuse of fertilizers and pesticides, discharge of effluent, sewage, and hospital waste. This study concluded that long-term consumption of fish from the river may pose health risks to the consumers due to the possible bioaccumulation of heavy metals, especially cadmium and arsenic. It was recommended that continuous monitoring of heavy metal levels in the fish and water, public awareness, and appropriate legislative provisions should be put in place to ensure that harvested fish and fish products may be safe for human consumption.

E. B. Ogbuene, A. M. Oroke, C. T. Eze, E. Etuk, O. G. Aloh, F. E. Achoru, J. C. Ogbuka, O. J. Okolo, A. V. Ozorme, C. J. Ibekwe, C. A. Eze and S. Akatakpo

Presence of Heavy Metals in Purple Crab (Platyxanthus orbignyi) Tissues in Southern Peru

Heavy metals (iron, copper, and zinc) were quantified in purple crab (Platyxanthus orbignyi) tissues collected in winter (September 2021), spring (November 2021), and summer (March 2022) at three beaches (Tres Hermanas, Fundición, and El Diablo) in Ilo Harbour (Moquegua), South Peru. The rank order of heavy metal concentrations in purple crab tissues and sediments was similar; iron (Fe) was followed by Copper (Cu), and this last one was followed by Zinc (Zn). The heavy metal concentrations in tissue crabs from the three beaches differed from each other spatially and seasonally. In addition, Fundición Beach was the zone with the highest concentration of those three metals during the summer.

José L. Ramos-Tejeda, José A. Valeriano-Zapana and Nilton B. Rojas-Briceño

The Passive Environmental Effect of the Fungicide Benomyl on Soil Promoting Bacteria and Concentration of Some Important Soil Elements

Loam examples were gathered through the 2020-2021 rising periods, and the following measurements were made: Viable bacterial count by reducing root colonization. The outcomes of reviewing the impact of the fungicide Benomyl on development and viable microflora count revealed that the highest microbial count was in Al-Madaein 80 ×103 CFU/mL was recorded ., and the lowest count was 60 ×103 CFU/mL for the Aushtar area, The microbial viable count values for the affected microorganisms with Benomyl were decrease to 27×103 and 65 × 103 CFU/mL respectively. Those consequences specify that Benomyl has a robust choosiness contrary to microflora, especially when compared to the benomyl effect as folded dose, the microflora l count decreases to 25 ×103 CFU /mL in the Aushtar area and increases to 60 ×103 CFU/mL in Al-Madaein area. Whereas the study estimated the level of eight elements in soil (Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, NO3, P, K, and NH4) cultured with Cyperus rotundus L. Which mentioned the effect of benomyl on these levels after three days of treatment. Mn concentration ranged between 5.96 to 9.11 ppm, while after fungicide benomyl, it decreased to 5.63 -6.53 ppm similar results were observed for other elements. The highest affected element was Mn in the Aushtar area. Those consequences designate that Benomyl has a stout fussiness in contrast to soil nutrients. The greatness of benomyl impacts on loam ingredients and procedures were minor, qualified to impact on mycorrhizal root foundation (reduction through benomyl).

Zaid Raad Abbas, Aqeel Mohammed Majeed Al-Ezee, Sawsan Hassan Authman and Maan Abdul Azeez Shafeeq

Study of Temporal Dynamics of Urban Heat Island Surface in Padang West Sumatra, Indonesia

Padang as the capital of the province, is a strategic area and also the center of the economy. Annual population growth affects changes in land use from vegetated land to built-up areas. An increase in barren land will trigger an increase in temperature. SUHI is a temperature phenomenon that occurs on the surface resulting from the increase in temperature. SUHI can be observed through surface temperature data or Land Surface Temperature. This study aims to identify changes in land surface temperature that are affected by changes in land use in the form of building density conditions. In analyzing this using Landsat 7 ETM+ imagery in 2001, 2006, 2011, 2016, and 2020. The building density measurement method LST transformations to measure surface temperature and helps the Surface Urban Heat Island phenomenon. The results of the analysis showed that there was an increase in the building density of the city of Padang over a period of 20 years. This phenomenon affects the surface temperature, indicating that the surface temperature has increased by around 0.47°C. The highest temperature from 2001-2020 occurred in 2016, with the highest temperature of 36°C.

Rery Novio, Sri Mariya, Widya Prarikeslan and Sophia Aulia Ramon

Implementation of the AquaCrop Model for Forecasting the Effects of Climate Change on Water Consumption and Potato Yield Under Various Irrigation Techniques

In this study, the AquaCrop model was employed to analyze the impact of projected future climate changes on the water usage and biomass production of potato crops in Babylon, Iraq, under varying irrigation methods. The irrigation techniques evaluated included sprinkler irrigation, surface drip irrigation, and subsurface drip irrigation at depths of 10 cm and 20 cm. The study involved simulating and forecasting conditions for the year 2050, comparing them to current conditions. The model measured and predicted the evapotranspiration (ETa) and actual biomass of potato crops for 2050 using the RCP 8.5 scenarios, which outline different trajectories for greenhouse gas emissions. The AquaCrop model was calibrated and validated using statistical measures such as the R2, RMSE, CV, EF, and D, achieving a 99?curacy level in its performance. The findings suggest that using drip irrigation systems and applying the AquaCrop model significantly mitigates the adverse effects of environmental stress on desert soils and enhances sustainable agricultural practices in arid regions.

E. E. Salman, A. M. Akol, J. S. Abdel Hamza and Ahmed Samir Naje

Enhanced Natural Attenuation Technique, Edaphic and Microbiological Changes in Oil-Impacted Soil of Odhiaje Community, Rivers State

Oil spills in the Niger Delta could exert environmental pressures on the soil component. We investigated the impacts of oil spills and the effect of the Enhanced Natural Attenuation (ENA) remediation method on contaminated soil and resident microbial populations in the Odhiaje community in Rivers State, Nigeria. Soil samples for microbiological studies were collected weekly during a 17-week remediation period, while those for edaphic parameters were taken before and after remediation, all at 4 sampling points (SPs). Serial dilution of the oil-impacted soils for microbial density enumeration was carried out according to standard methods. Results revealed that mean concentrations of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon Contents (THC) (Sig.value = 0.009), SO42- ions (Sig.value = 0.001), and sand compositions (Sig.value = 0.045) all differed markedly across the sampling points at p<0.05. Mean levels of EC (Sig.tvalue = 0.039) and ?N (Sig.tvalue = 0.058) & K+ ions (Sig.tvalue = 0.004) differed significantly before and after the remediation exercise at the 95% confidence interval. Application of nutrients was rapidly accompanied by microbial population increases, leading to the consumption of oil contaminants in soils to levels comparable to control over the remediation period. Total Heterotrophic Bacteria counts correlated with pH (r = 0.501) and SO42- ions (r = 0.500) (p<0.05), and K+ ions (r = -0.800) (p<0.01); Total Heterotrophic Fungi correlated with pH (r = 0.520) (p<0.05), and Mg2+ ions (r = 0.820) (p<0.01); Hydrocarbon Utilizing Bacteria correlated with available P (r = 0.530) and silt composition (r = -0.504) (p<0.05), and K+ (r = 0.626) and Mg2+ ions (r = 0.733) (p<0.01); and Hydrocarbon Utilizing Fungi correlated with K+ (r = 0.500) & Mg2+ ions (r = 0.506) (p<0.05). Results indicate improvement in C/N ratios and effectiveness of the current cost-effective bioaugmentation technique in the restoration of arable soil productivity in the Odhiaje community.

P. N. Muonye and C. C. Nnaji

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