Archives Issues
Volume 7, Issue No 3, Sep 2008
Status of Groundwater Quality of Lalsot Urban Area in Dausa District, Rajasthan
Management of groundwater resource is determined by its accessibility and utility in terms of quantity and quality. The results of chemical analysis for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness (TH), total alkalinity (TA), calcium (Ca+2), magnesium (Mg+2), sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), chloride (Cl–), nitrate (NO3–), sulphate (SO4–2) and fluoride (F-) of 18 water samples collected from Lalsot urban area in Dausa district are presented. Based on the results, certain parameters like sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and percent sodium (% Na) were also calculated. Statistical analyses have been carried out using chemical data to classify geo-chemical evaluation of the aquifer system based on the ionic constituents. Salinity and nitrate contamination are the two major problems in the area, which is alarming considering the use of this water for drinking. The major factors influencing the water quality are local geo-chemical formation, water-rock interaction, flow direction of groundwater and rainfall that control the overall mineralization.
R. N. Prasad, Ram Chandra and K. K. Tiwari
Performance Evaluation of Common Effluent Treatment Plant for Tanneries at Vaniyambadi, Vellore, Tamil Nadu
The present study has been undertaken to evaluate performance efficiency of the Common Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP) at Vaniyambadi, Vellore. Waste water samples were collected at four different stages of the treatment units and analysed for various physico-chemical parameters such as pH, temperature, turbidity, EC, TSS, TDS, BOD, COD and heavy metals. The values obtained for different parameters were compared with standard values given by National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) for waste water quality. The CETP has been working with the norms of NEQS and Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board (TNPCB) and meeting the standard discharge limits.
V. Vinodhini and Nilanjana Das
Adsorption of Iron (II) from Aqueous Solution Using Ricinus communis Pericarp Carbon as an Adsorbent
Activated carbon prepared from Ricinus communis pericarp (RCP) was used to remove Fe(II) ions from aqueous solutions by adsorption technique under varying conditions of agitation time, metal ion concentration, adsorbent dosage, pH and desorption. The effective pH was found to be 5 ± 0.2. Adsorption followed both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models.
S. Madhavakrishnan, K. Manickavasagam, Y. Sameena, K. Selvam, K. Kairvelu and S. Pattabhi
Effect of Cadmium on the Histology of Hepatopancreas and Foot of the Freshwater Mussel Lamellidens marginalis (Lam.)
Histopathological studies would help in evaluating the extent of damage caused to the tissues under stress. Hence, in the present study an attempt has been made to observe the structural changes in the hepatopancreas and foot of the mussel Lamellidens marginalis exposed to acute (11.0mg/L) and subacute (1.10mg/L) concentrations of cadmium. The changes are observed at day 1 and day 3 in acute concentration and day 10 and 30 in subacute concentration, one at short- term and the other at long-term exposure. In hepatopancreas enlargement of intertubular area, cell necrosis and the formation of sinuses and in foot loss of connective tissue, vacuolization, disarrayed fibres and nuclear pyknosis were seen on exposure to acute concentration of cadmium at day 1. Similar changes with mild degree of recovery were observed at day 3. In subacute concentration some degenerative changes like mild tubular atrophy and cell necrosis in hepatopancreas and fibrillation, intermuscular oedema and pyknotic nuclei in foot of mussel were observed at day 10, however, at day 30 the tissues appeared more or less similar to those of controls with insignificant changes.
M. Venkata Chandrudu and K. Radhakrishnaiah
Growth Responses of Lens esculenta Under Petroleum Contaminated Soil in Field and Pot Experiments
The present investigation deals with the effect of different concentrations of refinery effluent on seed germination and seedling growth of Lens esculenta. The seeds were grown in pots and field and treated with various concentrations of refinery effluent. The plant showed positive effect on vegetative growth at lower concentration of the added refinery effluent, whereas higher concentration of refinery effluent showed gradual decrease in vegetative growth. The impact of petroleum refinery effluent irrigation on soil properties has been included in detail.
Sharmila Upadhyaya, Shipra Shukla, Seema Bhadauria
Ocimum sanctum (Tulasi) as Corrosion Inhibitor on Mild Steel in Hydrochloric Acid
The aqueous extract of Ocimum sanctum as corrosion inhibitor on mild steel in 1 N hydrochloric acid was studied using the weight loss method, gasometric, potentiodynamic polarization and impedance method. The maximum inhibition efficiency was 99.6 % in the optimum concentration of the extract 6 % in v/v. Similarly, in gasometric method, maximum efficiency was 98.6% in the same concentration. It was confirmed by potentiodynamic polarization and impedance methods, which showed a maximum efficiency of 99.7% and 97.9% respectively in the same concentration. The effect of immersion time from 3 hrs to 24 hrs at 30°C on corrosion inhibition of mild steel in 1N HCl in the presence of the optimum concentration of the inhibitor (6 % in v/v) revealed that the extract of Ocimum sanctum has maximum efficiency of 99.6% in 3 hours immersion time. Potentiodynamic polarization studies indicated that the plant extract behaves as mixed type inhibitor. The results show that 6% in v/v aqueous extract of the leaves of Ocimum sanctum could serve as an effective inhibitor on the corrosion of mild steel in 1 N hydrochloric acid medium.
M. Shyamala and A. Arulanantham
Geochemical Studies of Groundwater Present in Upper Thirumanimuthar Sub-basin, Tamil Nadu, India
Geochemical analysis of groundwater is employed to evaluate the postmonsoon 2005 water quality of upper Thirumanimuthar subbasin. Thirty two representative groundwater samples were collected from dug and bore wells. The samples were analysed to monitor the water chemistry of major ions. The results were evaluated in detailed and compared with WHO water quality standards. An overall assessment of the water samples indicated that all parameters are within the permissible limit except in some locations. According to the USSL diagram most of the samples falls in C3 – S1 class, which indicates its suitable nature. Piper trilinear diagram interpretations were made to know the chemical type of the groundwater. It reveals that the subsurface water is alkaline earth (Ca+Mg) exceeds alkalies (Na+K) type.
B. Gurugnanam, M. Suganya, M. Suresh and K. Dharanirajan
N-Alkane Distribution in Surficial Sediments from the Aden City Coast, Yemen
The paper presents the N-alkanes distribution in recent sediments of Aden city coast. The results are the first of their kind for the region and should serve as baseline for future studies. The concentration of N-alkanes in sediment samples ranged from 3 to 1805 ng/g dry weight, expressed as Kuwait crude oil equivalent. It is evident that all the sites are contaminated to some extent with N-alkanes. N-alkanes generally constitute the major fraction of saturated hydrocarbons, and their distribution patterns are characterized by carbon-number ranges and predominance, depending on the nature of the source material and its microbial or geochemical alteration. In this respect it has been recognized that distributions exhibiting odd carbon-number predominance in the C15-C21 and C25-C31 ranges are characteristic of autochthonous and allochthonous natural inputs respectively, whereas slight even carbon-number predominance or smooth distribution in the C20-C30 range have been invoked for reduction or bacterial diagentic processes. Finally, fossil (petroleum) N-alkanes are characterized by a low carbon preference distribution generally concurrent with an unresolved complex mixture of branched and cyclic saturated hydrocarbons.
Nabil, A. AL-Shwafi
Prospects of Genetic Transformation Techniques in Culture of Marine Molluscs in India
Overfishing is posing a major problem that has dangerously reduced fish and shellfish stocks. People are, therefore, looking at aquaculture to not only increase the fishery production but to improve the declining stocks. Among all the cultivable species of fish and shellfishes, molluscs such as oysters, mussels and clams form a sizable group that can be cultured successfully along the coast of India. Though the molluscs sustain regular and very productive fisheries in our waters, only a few of the mussels, clams and oysters are now generally eaten. But molluscan diversity has shown a declining trend due to the commercial exploitation, pollution and environment hazards that cause death of molluscs and to a lesser magnitude, the professional shell collection from wild. There is an urgent need to conserve the depleting stocks and to improve the quality of these bivalves. It is necessary, therefore, to develop efficient culture methods to increase the production of clams, oysters and mussels to meet high worldwide demand for these organisms. Genetic manipulation in culture promotes faster growth and maturation, increased disease resistance and triploidy. Some of the techniques are discussed in the current paper.
S. A. Mohite, A. S. Mohite and N. V. Pawar
Spatial Variation in Primary Productivity of River Damodar at Jharia (Jharkhand) and Raniganj (West Bengal), India
In the present study 16 sampling stations were selected in River Damodar at Jharia and Raniganj. Primary productivity of water was determined by light and dark bottle method. Seasonal variations of gross primary productivity (GPP) net primary productivity (NPP) were determined. Spatial variations in productivity level and dissimilarity coefficient were determined by using chord distance for different seasons. Regression model was determined to estimate role of major phytoplankton groups for the production. Cluster analysis was done for placing similar or statistically related stations into one group.
Somnath Goswami and T. K. Saha
Antibacterial Activity of Paddy Fields Cyanobacteria
Antibacterial activity of some heterocystous cyanobacteria from paddy fields in Warangal district of Andhra Pradesh was studied. Soil samples were collected from various regions of paddy fields of Warangal and cyanobacteria were isolated. Supernatants and methanolic extracts from biomass of 42 strains of cyanobacteria were isolated and screened against four strains of bacteria. Methanolic extracts and culture supernatants of 6 strains of cyanobacteria exhibited significant antibacterial effect. According to these results, it is concluded that Anabaena and Stegonema species have more potential for producing antimicrobial substance than other strains.
B. Digamber Rao, D. Srinivas, O. Padmaja and G. Dayakar
Impact of Anthropogenic Activities on Drinking Water Quality: A Case Study in Raniganj Coalfield Area (W. B.)
Present study reveals that the quality of groundwater is not safe for drinking in Raniganj coalfield area. The reasons for the deterioration of groundwater quality can be attributed mainly to lack of proper sanitation and intrusion of raw sewage into the groundwaters. The water quality parameters of supply water on the other hand, are within the permissible limits of drinking water standards. As such, it is suggested that use of raw groundwater for drinking purpose should be discouraged.
Chinmoy Chatterjee and Alokkumar De
Studies on Air Spora of Vegetable Market at Karad, Maharashtra
Studies on air spora of vegetable market at Karad were carried out with the help of Rotorod air sampler to monitor biopollutants. The study was carried out from 1st Oct. 2006 to 31st Dec. 2006. The investigation reports 57 types of biopollutants, out of which 52 belong to fungi, and five to pollen grains, algal fragments, hyphal fragments, insect and insect parts. The spores of Curvularia, Nigrospora, Cladosporium, Alternaria, Helminthosporium, Sclerospora, Epicoccum, Teichospora, and Chaetomium are common in occurrence. The spores found in the study, which have already been proved to be allergenic in nature, are Curvularia, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Alternaria, Helminthosporium, Chaetomium, smut spores and Epicoccum.
K. R. Hogale and B. D. Patil
Tolerance of Certain Pesticides by Two Nitrogen Fixing Anoxygenic Phototrophic Bacteria
The tolerance of some pesticides by two anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria, isolated from leather industry effluents, was investigated. Rhodobacterium capsulatus was found to be more resistant than Rhodopseudomonas acidophila to the pesticides tried in the present investigation. The pattern of inhibition of growth for both the organisms show that chlorpyrifos was most potent followed by methyl parathion, endosulfan, rogor and kitazin in a descending order.
Ramchander Merugu, M.S.K. Prasad, S. Girisham* and S.M. Reddy
Evidence of Translocation of Endophytic Human Pathogens in Tomato (Licopersicon esculentum) Grown Via Geophonics
Altered environmental conditions have resulted in increased likelihood of pathogen transmission to humans. Amongst the infectious diseases, food-borne diseases are the most serious health problems affecting public health. Vegetables and fruit vegetables (salad ingredients) are frequently identified as a potential source of infection due to its unhygienic cultivation practices. The inner tissues of fruits and vegetables are considered to be sterile. However, bacterial endophytes are known to reside in wide range of plant tissues. Hence, with the view of possible isolation of bacterial endophytic human pathogens in tomato fruit have been investigated geophonically. All the experimental plant units from sowing to seedling level were challenged with pure culture of Salmonella @ 1018/mL and were analysed for the presence of Salmonella species at 7th day after sowing (DAS) up to fruiting stage. The study revealed presence of Salmonella species at 21st DAS in all the plants analysed, viz., leaf, stem and fruits which indicates that the tomato as salad ingredient may act as an occulant source of enteric infection.
S. D. Chavan, N.S. Kulkarni and M. Musaddiq
Replacement of River Sand Using Manufactured Sand and Quarry Dust in Cement Concrete
River sand is widely used for concrete as fine aggregate. The increased cost of river sand and depletion in ground water table due to illegal sand mining leads to find an alternative for fine aggregate without compromising the strength. In this study, concrete mix M30 has been designed using quarry dust and manufactured sand by replacing the river sand. Four mix proportions were made to test the effect of inclusion of quarry dust and manufactured sand in concrete and the results were compared with the control specimens. It was found that the strength of the concrete is enhanced in both the types of replacements.
Sunilaa George, Jino John, P.N. Magudeswaran and R. Thenmozhi
A Study on Biocomposting of Concentrated Distillery Spent Wash
Dark colour, low pH and high organic load characterize the distillery waste called as spent wash. If spent wash is disposed off in environment without proper treatment it poses threat to it. Out of available treatment options aerobic composting of spent wash is one of the best options. The by-products of sugar industry such as press mud and bagasse were used as filler materials. The experiments were carried out in plastic containers of 20-L capacity. The press mud and bagasse were mixed in 5:1 proportion. The spent wash was added to this mixture till the moisture content was approximately 70 %. The seeding was done with the help of Farm Yard Manure (FYM). The aeration was done manually by overturning the contents for 30 days at the interval of one day. The samples were analysed for temperature of composting mass, moisture content, organic carbon, nitrogen, pH, COD, chlorides and conductivity. Reloading of spent wash was done to maintain the moisture content. It was observed that the rate of reaction was higher at the initial stages of composting. The increase in temperature was observed at the initial stage, which went on decreasing as composting of the mass was completed.
D. S. Mali and S. V. Ranade
Selective Characterization and Impact Analysis of Liquid Paper Industry Effluent
The treated effluent water from paper industry has an alkaline pH, dissolved oxygen (DO) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and the observed values indicate that, it affects the aerobic respiration of organisms and hence not suitable for aqua-culture application. Residual sodium carbonate (RSC) values observed for the treated liquid effluent sample suggest its suitability for irrigation purposes.
P.V. S. Machiraju, Y. L. N. Murthy, V. Srinivasa Rao
Physico-Chemical Studies of the Waterbodies in and Around Shivkhori Area, Jammu Himalaya, in Relation to Geology of the Area
The waters of Shivkhori stream, Raunra Tawi khad and Thanna Tawi khad stream of Kalakot area, Rajouri district, J&K state were subjected to analysis by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry for elements Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Mn, Ni, Cu, Pb, Zn and Cr. All the elements except Si and Al were present within permissible limits in all the samples according to Bureau of Indian Standards and WHO. Aluminium is objectionable in four out of the 15 samples analysed, and silicon is present more than the permissible limits in all the samples. A good afforestation programme together with adopting Vetiver technology in the watershed areas of the region will screen out many of the elements including Al and Si not to enter the solution of the waters. Nitrates, sulphates, chlorides, bicarbonates, TDS and total hardness (TH) are all within the prescribed limits, and hence with respect to all these parameters, the waters are safe to be used for human consumption and also for agricultural use. SAR and SSP values of all the samples are within the prescribed limits, and hence the waters cannot be considered to create any harm as far as agricultural use is concerned. The waters of all the three streams are recommended to be subjected to chlorine/bromine disinfection to render the same safe for human consumption. Last, but not the least, attention needs to be paid towards bad sanitation prevailing near the banks of all the streams, which needs to be improved upon.
Amita Fotedar, R.K. Verma and B.K. Fotedar
Study of Water Quality in Kor River, West Southern of Iran
Water is only naturally pure occurring inorganic fluid in the universe but most of the surface water sources are no more inorganic, since the generated wastewaters polluting the freshwater sources and rendering them unfit for various purpose. Though, the problem of water pollution is worldwide, it is surprising that it draws the attention of scientists only when it becomes hazardous for human health. With this view, an attempt was made to evaluate the quality of water in Kor river in Fars province, Iran. Water samples from different locations in the course of Kor river were collected to check the suitability of water for human use. The parameters like, Cl–, alkalinity, TSS, TDS, pH, EC and temperature were measured. The amount of them was compared with standard threshold. Some stations showed that water was just suitable for agriculture for some products like wheat and barley. The self purification model of river is shown for EC and alkalinity of water.
E. Asrari, M. Madadi and M. Masoudi
Removal of Colour from Tannery Dye Wastewater Using Ozone
Colour removal of wastewater containing acid dye (Navitan Bordeaux MB) by ozone treatment has been studied in an attempt to abate pollution caused by leather dyeing houses. The Navitan Bordeaux MB dye is commonly used in commercial leather manufacturing. The effluent has been synthetically prepared using water with 100 ppm concentration of dye. Passing ozone in a bubble column reactor containing the dye solution carried out the decolourisation process of the pre-metallised acid dye. The effect of dye concentration, ozone dose and pH on the rate of decolourisation has been studied. The efficiency of the decolourisation has been evaluated by measuring absorbance of the dye solution.
A. S. S. Sekar
Effective Treatment Methods of COD and TDS from Dyeing Industry Effluent
Though industries promote economy of the country, the pollution caused by them has to be controlled in order to save the environment from degradation. The present work has been aimed for the removal and reduction of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total dissolved solids (TDS) of the dyeing industry effluent using oxidizing and coagulating agents, and adsorbent individually and in different combinations. About 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00 g of oxidizing agent (sodium hypochlorite), coagulating agent (alum) and adsorbent (commercial activated carbon, CAC) were added separately and in combinations. The COD (92.3%) and TDS (80%) were removed using 0.25g of oxidizing agent within one hour, and with 1 g of coagulating agent the COD and TDS were removed 98.4 % and 90% respectively. For CAC it has been reported that the dosage of 0.75 g has resulted in 87.6 % and 80% of COD and TDS removal respectively. With the combination of sodium hypochlorite, CAC and alum, the percentage reduction of COD and TDS are 87% and 79% respectively. The statistical analysis revealed a positive correlation between reduction and the time.
M. Vasanthy, S. Murugavel and A. Geetha
Pollutional Potency of the Insecticide, Bayrusil with Respect to Mortality and Behaviour of Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch)
The paper deals with the effect of an agro-chemical, Bayrusil on the mortality and behaviour of a catfish Heteropneustes fossilis. It was inferred from the experiment that 38.0 and 41.0 ppm of the insecticide represented LC50 and LC100 doses respectively showing acutely toxic nature of the pesticide. Some remarkable changes were also observed in the fish in pesticidal media, such as thrilling and bending of body, jerky movement, surfacing and gulping air, dashing against the wall of container, frequent jumping, loss of balance, muscular weakness and finally death.
Vijaya Lakshmi, Md. Noor Alam and Sukant Sadhu
Effect of the Pesticide, Malathion on Non-target Organism, Earthworm Lampito mauritii
Malathion, a pesticide in the organophosphate chemical family is the most commonly used pesticide in our country. Symptoms of exposure to malathion include headache, nausea, vomiting, burning in eyes, difficulty in breathing and lethargy. Earthworms have been used as biomarkers for assessing chemical environmental pollution. Due to their low cost, easy handling, their direct body contact with the soil and ethical issues related to mammalian studies, earthworms were chosen for the present study. Three doses of malathion 150, 300 and 600 mg/kg soil were used as treated soil. The effect of application of malathion on the earthworm Lampito mauritii was studied for 5, 10, 15 and 30 days exposure by evaluating the body weight, number of cocoons laid and the hatching efficiency of the cocoons. The results showed that there is a direct dose response relationship with respect to both, the concentration and time of application of malathion. The results have been statistically analysed.
P.N. Sudha, D. Manley Backyavathy and K. Sudhakar
Quality of Rain Water Harvested at Roof Level and in Some Ponds of Ajmer District, Rajasthan
Rain water samples were collected at roof level at Pushkar and Budha Pushkar during July, 2007. Water samples were also collected from 2 ponds around in Ajmer district. Physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters were analysed. Roof water was found to be pure and free from bacteriological contamination. Pond water is turbid and has high iron content with objectionable bacteriological pollution load. collection of roof water for drinking purpose was found to be encouraging. Pond water needs treatment before use.
Rashmi Sharma
Present Status of Holothurians (Echinodermata) in Palk Bay and Gulf of Mannar – A Case Study
Holothurians are commercially important echinoderms, included under Schedule-I category of Wildlife Protection Act 1972. The present status of their density, biomass, diversity, distribution and standing stock has been studied from 18 stations along Palk Bay and Gulf of Mannar region. Apart from that the primary and secondary productivities of these regions were also estimated. It is revealed that the population of holothurians was drastically reduced especially Holothuria scabra and Holothuria spinifera as they give high-quality Beche-de-mer. Holothuria atra is the only species predominantly found at all the stations of study. This paper also discusses the overexploitation of these resources and possible measures to conserve them.
C. Raghunathan
Effect of Different Sites and Dates of Sample Collection on Nitrogen Content in Chlorophytum tuberosum Leaves and Tubers
World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated that at least 80% of the world population rely on traditional systems of medicine for their primary health needs. These systems are largely plant based. The Indian Institute of Forest Management (IIFM), Bhopal under its conservation assessment and management plan (CAMP) studied status of some selected species of non-timber forest produce (NTFP) of Madhy Pradesh. Researches on amla (Emblica officinale), safed musli (Chlorophytum tuberosum) and chirongi (Bachanania lanzan) have led to a change in State Government policy. An effort was made to study the effect of different sites and dates of sample collection on nitrogen content in Chlorophytum tuberosum at Mandu. The percentage nitrogen content in the leaves at the time of final sampling was maximum at natural site S1 (1.42 percent). The interaction between site and date in the percentage nitrogen content of tubers was statistically significant.
anjay Thakur and Avinash Tiwari
Potability Studies of Drinking Water in Villages of Aundha, Hingoli District, Maharashtra, India
Iron is an essential trace metal, required as a constituent of oxygen carrying and oxidative-reductive micro-molecules such as haemoglobin, myoglobin and cytochrome. Amongst various components, iron is an important trace metal required for all biological systems. Owing to the universal presence of fluoride in earth’s crust, all waters contain fluoride in varying concentrations. Fluoride is an element of high biological activity and has a tendency to accumulate in organisms, making detrimental effects in very low and high levels of exposure. Inorganic nitrogen may exist in the free state as nitrogen gas, or as nitrate, nitrite or ammonia. Nitrate represents the highest oxidized form of nitrogen. Many groundwaters have significant quantities of nitrates due to leaching of nitrate with the percolating water. Iron, fluoride and nitrate concentration along with temperature and colour, in the drinking water from some villages of Aundha taluka of Hingoli District were studied monthly during January to June 2005. The samples were analysed with standard methods and observed results were compared with prescribed limits set by WHO and ICMR.
R. G. Pawale, P. N. Wavde and S. N. Kalyankar
A Preliminary Report on the Physico-chemical Nature of Water Pollution in and Around Erode Town, Tamil Nadu
The pollutant samples ere collected from the drains of 11 stations each at the banks of River Cauvery and Kalingarayan canal to analyse physico-chemical characteristics. The data clearly revealed the pollution pattern and magnitude of pollutant load in the study area. The quality of pollutants and possible suggestions to minimize the pollution hazards have been discussed.
G. Shyamala, K. P. Shivanand and S. Suresh Babu
Physico-chemical Properties of Soil of Laokhowa Wildlife Sanctuary, Nagaon, Assam
The study deals with analysis of soil of Laokhowa Wildlife Sanctuary of Assam to understand the physico-chemical properties. The soil is mainly alluvial in nature. The texture varies from sandy and loamy sandy to clay loam. The removal of finer soil particles from the soil surface during rainy season might have contributed to sandy or sandy loam nature, and accumulation of finer soil particles and deposition of clay during flood have resulted in clayey loam nature of soil in different parts of the sanctuary. The soil is acidic in nature with soil pH varying from 4.36-6.86. Logging and grazing have direct effect on physical and chemical conditions of soil, nutrient content and decomposition rate of litter. Organic carbon varies from 0.09-3.24% and the difference may be attributed to recurrent floods and addition of plant litter and animal remains. In general, different chemical properties of the soil show variations to a great extent. The variation in the chemical content in different parts of the sanctuary may be due to periodic flood, siltation and excessive biotic interferences.
Sanjeeb Kumar Nath and S. K. Sarma
Impact of Sugar Factory Wastewater on Chlorophyll Content, Carbohydrate and Biomass Production of Triticum aestivum Var. Malvia-212
Total and individual chlorophylls, a and b, total water soluble carbohydrates and dry weight of Triticum aestivum var. Malvia-212 were determined following the treatment with different concentrations of the sugar factory wastewater. Concentrated effluents showed marked effect and reduced these contents significantly which may be attributed to the reduced number of leaves and leaf area. The reduced growth and biomass are result of high concentration of soluble salts and heavy metals present therein, which possibly interfere with the absorption of water and minerals.
G. C. Yadav and S. R. Yadav
Determination of Heavy Metals from Bauhinia variegata Using Inductively Coupled Plasma Technique
Many mineral elements occur in animal and plant tissues in very minute quantities, which earlier were unable to be measured precisely by analytical methods then available. Modern analytical technique like inductively coupled plasma has the ability to measure almost all the trace elements in smallest of biological samples with great precision and accuracy. There is also a need for heavy metal analysis to be an integral part of the standardization of herbal medicine. Bauhinia variegata has been used against various ailments of which leucoderma, leprosy and asthma are few to name. Five common heavy metals As, Cr, Mg ,Pb and Zn were analysed by inductively coupled plasma in whole plant powder of Bauhinia variegata, and magnesium was found to have the highest concentration.
Nikita K. Bhandarkar, M. B. Kekare, Parikshit Champanerkar and Vikas V. Vaidya
Ethno-Veterinary Herbal Practice in Kalakote Range, Rajouri (J&K), India
The present survey gives an account of the medicinal plants curing the diseases of ruminants. The study area is a rich repository of economically important plants. Twenty one species have been found to be useful veterinary herbal medicines for various diseases of animals in the area. There is an urgent need to document and monitor the area for more such species and it became imperative to find some conservation strategies and management practices to save this useful bio-resource of the area.
Jagbir Singh Jamwal and Shashi Kant
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