Archives Issues
Volume 8, Issue No 2, Jun 2009
Resistance of Fly ash based High Performance Concrete to acidic environment
Fly ash is one of the residues generated in combustion of coal. Fly ash is generally captured from the chimneys of power generation facilities. Fly ash includes substantial amounts of silica (SiO2), both amorphous and crystalline, and lime (CaO). Fly ash is commonly used to supplement Portland cement in concrete production, where it can bring both technological and economic benefits. Increased awareness of environmental hazards, steep rising prices of building materials, non-availability of space to stock the fly ash and other such factors have generated interest among the researchers to work on the gainful utilization of fly ash as an alternate building material with potential for replacing cement partially in constructions. Fly ash utilization in concrete not only reduces the cost due to cement savings but also contribute to reduced carbon-dioxide emissions contributing to environmental protection. It is well established by now that the concrete structures exposed to acidic environments deteriorated much faster when compared to their counterparts in non-aggressive environments. High-Performance-Concrete (HPC) is a new generation concrete which has the potential to perform well in aggressive environments. This paper presents the details of an experimental investigation planned to utilize fly ash in production of HPC. Acid attack tests have been conducted to measure the durability of HPC. This investigation is undertaken to study and define a better HPC mix containing locally available fly ash which can sustain in chloride and sulphate environments. The investigation examines the progressive deterioration of concrete mixtures containing various combinations of fly ash based HPC mixes exposed to sulphate and chloride solutions.
Vaishali. G. Ghorpade, H. Sudarsana Rao and V. Ravindra
Effect of Regional Variation on The Heavy Metal Content of Achyranthes Aspera Using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopic Technique
Many mineral elements occur in plant and animal tissues in very minute quantities that earlier scientists were unable to measure their precise concentration with analytical methods then available. Modern analytical technique like Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy has the ability to measure all trace elements in the smallest of biological samples with great precision and accuracy. There is also a need for heavy metal analysis to be an integral part of the standardization of herbal medicines. Achyranthes aspera Linn. is a wild weed growing throughout India. It has been used against various ailments of which anti-diabetic, antiviral and jaundice are a few to name. Six common heavy metals viz., Pb, Zn, Cr, Fe, Ni and Cu were analysed by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. Among the 6 metals analysed in whole plant powder of Achyranthes aspera Fe showed maximum concentration while Ni showed lowest concentration.
K. Naresh Kumar, G. Dhilli Rao, A. Karunakar, G. Gunesh, and K. Mukkanti
Innovative Strategy for E-Waste Management - A Model Study of Karad, Maharashtra, India
Electronic waste is presenting a challenge for the new millennium. Almost every business organization, Institution and even educated individuals are using computers and find it essential and inevitable to conduct their day to day business activities. Rapid changes in computer technology have made it difficult for the users to restrict themselves to stick on their old machines, which are becoming obsolete, unwanted and not at all usable after a period of time. This problem of rapid obsolescence has resulted into tremendous growth of electronic waste commonly referred as E-waste. In fact, the accurate estimation of obsolete unwanted and futile computers is not possible but approximation done by the researchers has given an account of such waste material to the tune of 80% of the total computers available in the organizations of Karad, Maharashtra. Such electronic waste which contains various hazardous materials, has created an immense threat to the environment, society and the world as a whole. The E-waste incorporates various toxic metals and chemicals like lead, cadmium, selenium, arsenic, beryllium, lithium, mercury, nickel, chromium, polybrolium, biphenyl chlorofluoro carbons, uranium, zinc sulphate, toner dust, chloride and many more such toxic materials, which are deadly harmful to human health and environment as a whole, if not disposed off carefully. Therefore, it is an evitable and essential requirement to study thoroughly following points in order to have effective E-waste management: 1. To understand gravity of problem created by E-Waste, 2. To find out the causes and sources of E-waste, 3. To describe health hazard created by E-waste, 4. To determine feasible and viable methodology to manage E-waste and 5. Review of the research and coming out with conclusions and suggestive measures. Thus, the paper presented stresses the significance of E-waste management in the global scenario studying Karad as an area of study, and presents the status of E-waste as on today, suggest measures for arresting the trend of increasing E-waste, and managing it effectively.
Om Prakash Gupta and A.V. Nikam
Investigation on sorption of fluoride in water using rice husk as an adsorbent
The batch adsorption studies were undertaken to assess the suitability of inexpensive adsorbent prepared from agricultural waste, rice husk. The adsorbent was prepared by chemical impregnation method followed by physical activation. Static studies have aimed for investigation of fluoride removal efficiency under the varying conditions of the major parameters of adsorption, viz. pH, dose of adsorbent, rate of stirring, contact time and initial adsorbate concentration, and optimized by batch procedure in the mixture of known concentration of fluoride solution. The optimum sorbent dose was found to be 10g/L by varying the dose of adsorbent from 0 to 16g/L; equilibrium was achieved in 120 min for the optimum pH. It has been observed that the optimum adsorption takes place at lower pH by varying pH from 2, 4, 6, 8, 10. Maximum fluoride removal was observed to be 75% at optimum conditions. Freundlich as well as Langmuir isotherms were plotted and constants of isotherms were determined.
Waheed S. Deshmukh, S. J. Attar and M. D. Waghmare
Experiments on the Rearing of Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum in Kashmir
Rainbow trout is the native of rivers and lakes in the western half of North America. However, it has been transplanted across the world including Kashmir, India. Experiments conducted to study the rearing success of the fish at Dachigam Trout Fish Farm, Laribal, Kashmir, India during 2004-07 revealed that the fish attained tablesize (250 g) within 24 months. Fish were fed with formulated feed (having 40% protein content) at the rate of 4% of body weight daily in split doses. Early stages of the fish (up to advanced fry) were fed with higher protein content feed (48%) at the rate of 8% of body weight. Eggs were obtained by stripping (dry) and incubated in spring water. The eyed ova stage was reached within 14-20 days of stripping. The hatchlings appeared after another 10-15 days and these accepted artificial feed within another 14-20 days. The fish were reared up to advanced fry stage in spring water and the latter stages in stream water. The spring water at Dachigam showed a temperature range of 10.6-13.8°C, pH of 7.0-8.0, dissolved oxygen of 7.0-10.2 mg/L and free carbon dioxide of 0.6-1.7 mg/L, whereas the stream water showed a temperature range of 5.5-15.6°C, pH of 7.2-8.0, dissolved oxygen of 7.7-11.9mg/L and free carbon dioxide of 0.7-1.6mg/L. The saleable table sized trout showed feed conversion ratio (FCR) of 1.45 to 1.80. Males attained full maturity after 2 years, while females after 3 years.
Tasaduq H. Shah, M. H. Balkhi and O. A. Asimi
Removal of Fluoride from Aqueous Solution Using a Waste Material
This communication presents results pertaining to the adsorptive studies carried out on fluoride removal onto an algal biosorbent (Ulva fasciata). Batch sorption studies were performed and the results revealed that biosorbent demonstrated ability to adsorb the fluoride. Influence of varying conditions for removal of fluoride such as the fluoride concentration, the dosage of adsorbent, the size of adsorbent, and the concentration of metal solution was investigated. Experimental data showed good fit with the Langmuir’s adsorption isotherm model. Maximum fluoride sorption was observed at 30°C operating temperature
G. Babu Rao, G. Kalyani, B. Vijaya Saradhi and Y. Prasanna Kumar
Age and Growth of Muricid Gastropods Chicoreus virgineus (Roading 1798) and Muricanthus virgineus (Roading 1798) from Thondi Coast, Palk Bay, Bay of Bengal
Age and growth of the Chicoreus virgineus (Roading 1798) and Muricanthus virgineus (Roading 1798) species were determined using different methods such as size frequency method, probability plot method and Von Bertalanffy’s growth equation. Using Peterson’s method, male of Chicoreus virgineus was found to attain a maximum length of 7.25cm and the female a length of 10.2cm in the 4th year. In Muricanthus virgineus male and female attained a length of 8.5cm and 11.4cm respectively in 4th year. The results of probability plot method revealed that the male of Chicoreus virgineus reached a maximum length of 8.55cm, and the female 10.35cm in the 4th year. However, in Muricanthus virgineus, the maximum length of 9.4cm in male and 11.00cm in female were found in 4th year. Using Von Bertalanffy’s equation, Chicoreus virgineus male was found to attain a length of 8.85cm, and the female a length of 10.35cm while the male of Muricanthus virgineus calculated as 9.4cm, and the female 11.00cm of lengths in 4th year.
C. Stella and C. Raghunathan
Studies on Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Freshwater Bodies in Khatav Tahsil, Maharashtra
The paper highlights the physico-chemical characteristics of eight freshwater bodies of Khatav Tahsil in Satara district of Maharashtra during winter and summer seasons. Investigations are based on different parameters, pH, EC, TDS, TSS, DO, BOD, COD, total alkalinity, total acidity, chlorides, free CO2, hardness, nitrates, phosphates, sulphates, etc. for which no earlier reports are available on these waterbodies. The study revealed significant changes in water quality during the two seasons. pH of water was alkaline; EC, hardness and alkalinity tend to increase during summer and decrease in winter. DO was maximum during winter, and minimum during summer. The seasonal variations of various factors were studied and interrelationships existing between them discussed.
Avinash V. Karne and Prabhakar D. Kulkarni
A Study on Drinking Water Quality in Ariyalur Area, Tamil Nadu, India
The present study deals with the evaluation of quality of groundwater at different locations of Ariyalur town, Tamil Nadu. Groundwater samples were collected from ten different locations of the town. The groundwater quality parameters such as pH, EC, temperature, dissolved oxygen, alkalinity, acidity, hardness, calcium, magnesium, silicate, phosphate, nitrate and sulphate were estimated in the samples to evaluate their quality. The results indicate that the waters have grossly high values of hardness and alkalinity, which reduces the quality of water for drinking.
M. Vasanthy, A. Geetha, M. Jeganathan and A. Anitha
Irrigation Water Quality Status Studies Through GIS in Upper Manimuktha Sub-basin, Villupuram District, Vellar Basin, Tamil Nadu, India
An attempt has been made to demarcate sites for groundwater irrigation quality at upper Manimuktha sub basin, Velar basin, Tamil Nadu through GIS technique using ARC/GIS Software. The irrigation quality standard output was taken to GIS platform. The work was executed with the weighted rating analysis in GIS environment. Spatial and non-spatial data were assessed in a quick and efficient way in GIS. The term ‘geographic’ in GIS refers to the locational attributes which define the spatial positioning of the piece of information on the face of the earth. The advent of digital computers, with high data processing speed and the development of analytical tools in GIS to handle geographically referenced data with ease and flexibility, computer aided GIS has become a reality of late. Using of GIS in hydrogeology is only at its beginning, but there have been successful applications that started to develop. The favourabilty of the irrigational quality was demarcated in GIS. The favourable area occupying in premonsoon was 269 km2 and in the postmonsoon 239 km2.
N. Prabhakaran, B. Gurugnanam, S. Vasudevan and S. Joseph Santhanaraj
Seasonal Variation in Some Metals of Inshore Waters of Malvan, Maharashtra
Metals were investigated at Tarkarli, Kolam and Aachara estuary of Malvan, Maharashtra under low tide situation in different seasons. Ni, Cu, Pb and Mn were observed nil during monsoon season, while Fe and Mg were in high range. Na, Ca and K were low during rainy season and constant during summer and winter seasons. Lower values of all the metals during monsoon season suggest that the freshwater influx in the estuary can be the main influence on the water quality.
J. P. Kashid, A. K. Patil, J. S. Samant and P. D. Raut
The Study of Water Quality of Pulankurichi in Sivagangai District, Tamil Nadu
Assessment of physico-chemical parameters of water in four places in Pulankurichi of Sivagangai district was carried out. Water samples from one bore-well and three open-ponds were collected and analysed. The chemical quality was compared with the drinking water quality standards. Several parameters like pH, turbidity, electrical conductivity, chloride, sulphate, total hardness, alkalinity, total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen and BOD were analysed. The results of the study indicate that groundwater quality in the study area is suitable for drinking purpose.
G. Subramanian, P. Ramadevi, V. Pitchammal and R. Ramanathan
Variations in Hydrochemical Characteristics of Two Distinct Wetlands of Central Gujarat, India
An assessment of hydrochemical parameters was carried out in two distinguishing wetlands of central Gujarat, India for the period of one year from June 2007 to May 2008. Water quality parameters like temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, Secchi depth, total solids and total dissolved and suspended solids, free carbon dioxide, phenolphthalein alkalinity, total alkalinity, carbonates, bicarbonates, total hardness, calcium and magnesium hardness, chloride, phosphate, sulphate and nitrate were investigated during the study period. Chloride, phosphate, sulphate and nitrate of water were greater in Khodiyar than Malwar wetland because of high wastes and sewage inflow. Moreover, monthly variation of hydrochemical characters was found higher during summer and lower during monsoon months in both the wetlands. Correlation coefficients were calculated among the various physico-chemical variables. Sulphate and nitrate showed a positive correlation with phosphate at Khodiyar, whereas sulphate and chloride correlated positively with nitrate at Malwar wetland. Dissolved oxygen showed a negative correlation with temperature, phosphate and other parameters in both the wetlands.
J. I. Nirmal Kumar and Cini Oommen
Survey of Environmental Awareness Among the Industries of Jammu, India
In the present study, a survey was carried out in 2003 on 25 industries of Jammu city regarding their green marketing practices and the awareness among each worker started from primary level to executive level. In this survey a questionnaire was framed and questions were asked to the workers on the basis of which the predictions were made about the implementation of green marketing and their effect at every sphere of life. The industries are categorised on the basis of their product and the results are calculated using standard deviation (SD) and significant value (t). The study reveals that the worker community of industry in Jammu is not much aware of the green marketing practices.
Kamal Kishore Verma
Causes of Floods in Upper Krishna Basin of Maharashtra
The present paper attempts to analyse probable causes of flood situation in upper Krishna basin of southern Maharashtra. Flood situation has become disastrous during the years 2005 and 2006 in later part of July and early August in upper Krishna basin. It is also important to note that floods are aggravated phenomena by human and natural activities. About 27.72% of the geographical area of the upper Krishna basin of southern Maharashtra is affected by floods of which about 2.12% of total population of Upper Krishna basin has suffered in 2006. Since, the floods of rivers are responses of both natural and anthropogenic factors, the relative effects and causes vary from place to place. To analyse the causes of flood situation in the region under study, the statistical data and concerned information have been collected through personal visits and records available at Tehsil headquarters of Sangli, Kolhapur and Satara districts.
Chandrakant Narhari Kale
A Study on Eutrophication Level in Hosur Town Lakes
The present concern for eutrophication relates to the rapidly increasing quantities of nitrogen and phosphorus which are otherwise present at fairly low concentrations in unmodified natural waters to limit the algal growth and biomass. In the present study an attempt has been made to measure the level of eutrophication in Hosur town lakes. Three lakes namely Chandrakudi lake, Doddan lake and Kelavarapalli dam were selected for the study. The samples were collected and analysed for soluble orthophosphate, chemical oxygen demand, organic nitrogen, free ammonia, inorganic nitrogen, total phosphorus and dissolved oxygen, etc. The onsite study like transparency, fish kill information and impairment of lakes, etc. was also conducted. The level of eutrophication in the lakes was calculated by using Wetzel’s scheme. The results revealed that the eutrophication level in all the three lakes is very high, i.e., hypereutrophic to very eutrophic.
H. Karibasappa, H. B. Aravinda and S. Manjappa
Impact of Distillery Spentwash Irrigation on Nutrients of Some Fruits: An Investigation
Cultivation of some fruit plants was made by irrigation with distillery spentwash of different concentrations. Primarily treated spentwash (50% and 33%) was analysed for plant nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other physico-chemical parameters. The plants were cultivated by irrigation with raw water (RW) and 50% and 33% spentwash. The impact of spentwash on proximate principles (moisture, protein, fat, fibre, carbohydrate, energy, calcium, phosphorus and iron), vitamin content (carotene and vitamin-c), mineral and trace elements (magnesium, sodium, potassium, copper, manganese, zinc, chromium and nickel) and nutritive value of ripened fruits were analysed. It was observed that there is good nutrients uptake in 33% in all the fruits than 50% spentwash and raw water.
S. Chandraju, H.C. Basavaraju and C.S. Chidankumar
Bacteriological Examination of Drinking Water in Different Public Places with Reference to Coliforms
This study investigates the pollution level in drinking water in different public places. The bacteriological analyses performed were in accordance with standard procedures. Out of eight samples from different sites all had counts higher than the standards. Cinema theatres were the most polluted.
R. R. Kasar, R. T. Tidke, G. V. Kore and Masarrat Sultana
Detection of Organic Materials in Fly Ash by Chromatographic Method
Fly ash, a by-product from coal based power plants is composed of totally inorganic and inert substances and is unsupportive for life forms. Fly ash in Korba is dumped into special open embankments called dykes. The search for organic materials was important because formation of humus is a revolution in fly ash, then only it will be able to support life forms. This was done in these dykes to confirm the source of organic materials in fly ash, i.e., whether they are coming from the coal, the start up oil of the furnace or from the animals and plants coming up in the area. The method used was thin layer chromatography and ascending paper chromatography in liquid medium.
Shikha Shrivastava and Durga Nema
Selecting Suitable Resin for Parting Yttrium from Leaching Solution of Saghand Uranium Mine in Yazd, Iran
This paper gives ion exchange and influence of different types of resins for separating existing yttrium in acid leaching solution of Saghand Mine in Yazd, Iran. Firstly, after doing XRF and ICP experiments on the sample, the resultant solution was assigned out of acid leaching of the region in contact with 0.5 mL resin (based on mass percentage) from different types of anion and cation resins. In each experiment 50 mL of the sample containing 500 ppm yttrium in a column was brought into contact with different types of prevalent resins. The resins were then brought into contact for 15 minutes to different types of elusion solutions. After the analysis the resin Dow × 5ow × 8 (H+) was selected as the optimum resin in exposure to 1 mol/L sodium acetate as the elusion solution with retrieving 93% yttrium.
Seyed Morteza Moosavi Rad, M. Shankara, Seyed Hamed Moosavi Rad and Behzad Shahmoradi
Control of Environmental Pollution by Utilizing High and Low Volume of Fly Ash in Concrete
Currently India produces around 120 million tones of fly ash per annum. The power requirements of the country have increased a lot due to industrial growth. India mainly depends on thermal power which contributes about 80% of the power produced resulting in accumulation of huge quantity of fly ash as residue. It is estimated that ash generation is likely to reach 170 million MT by 2010; only 32 % of the fly ash is utilised which needs an urgent attention. Effective utilizing of high and low volume of fly ash in concrete (HVFAC & LVFAC) has positive effects in an environmental friendly way, preserving resources and producing better concrete. This paper presents the experimental investigation carried on HVFA and LVFAC in concrete and the environmental benefits rendered by it.
I. Padmanaban and D. Maruthachalam
Rainfall Intensity and Quantity of Groundwater Along the Coastal Area of Kanyakumari to Colachel, South Tamil Nadu Before and After Tsunami
Rainfall intensity and groundwater quantity in Coastal area of Kanyakumari to Colachel coastal belt after Tsunami was used to assess the capacity of groundwater for determining its suitability for drinking and agricultural purposes. Physical and chemical parameters of groundwater were also analysed based on the rainfall intensity. In Kanyakumari district, the surface water resources have been fully utilized. The surface flow is more during monsoon periods. The deficient monsoon rainfall has affected the flow of surface water into reservoirs, anacuts, lakes, etc. Surface water and rainwater are widely used for irrigation. Consequently, agriculturists have to a great extent depend upon an alternate source, viz., groundwater for irrigation requirements. Groundwater in the area is generally very good, pleasant, fresh to brackish, average to very low saline and low alkaline in nature and fit both for agriculture and drinking purposes. Permissible average total hardness and TDS in all places of the study area identify the suitability of groundwater for drinking and irrigation. In the study area less groundwater extraction keeps the water table high. The elevated topography, more rainfall and limited groundwater extraction, keeps the Kanyakumari coastal belt free from sea water intrusion. Quantity of water is generally good throughout the district due to continuous rain fall in all monsoon seasons. Comparing the results of water quantity like surface water and subsurface water before and after Tsunami there is not much change in the quantity.
S. Bhagavathi Perumal and P. Thamarai
Utilization of Incinerated Municipal Solid Waste Ash in the Manufacture of Cement Hollow Bricks
There is a strong demand for environmentally safe reuse and effective disposal methods for Municipal solid waste (MSW) due to the increasing amount of waste generated by the various residential buildings, commercial establishments and various other institutions. MSW refers to the stream of garbage collected through community sanitation services. Medical wastes from hospitals and items that can be recycled and utilized for generating electricity are generally excluded from MSW. The major portion of MSW that is not recycled is typically sent to landfills after it is collected. As an alternative, MSW can be combusted in waste-to-energy combustors, which facilitates to generate electricity. The combustion of municipal solid waste results in reduction of its quantity. MSW combustion creates a solid waste called ash, which can contain any of the elements which were originally present in the waste. Using it as an engineering construction material attains the ultimate disposal of incinerated solid waste ash. The incorporation of municipal solid waste ash in the manufacturing of cement hollow bricks has been systematically investigated. The effect of proportion of incinerated municipal solid waste (ash) on the strength and quality of the brick has been investigated. The use of incinerated municipal solid waste as construction material and building material converts the waste into useful products that can alleviate the disposal problems. The present work has demonstrated a feasible way of using incinerated municipal solid waste ash as a cement replacement material to produce quality bricks. The bricks manufactured did not show any deformation or uneven surfaces and the bricks can be used for construction purposes.
P. Srinivas and K. Satish Kumar
Assessing the Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metal in Freshwater Fishes at Gingee River Near Puducherry, India
An investigation was made on the bioaccumulation of heavy metals, mercury (Hg), zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) in fishes of the Gingee river at Vadamangalam and Ariankuppam in Puducherry region. Results revealed that the concentration of the heavy metals was higher in sediments than that of water. There is also seasonal variation in heavy metal concentrations at the sites. Fishes of the river showed bioaccumulation of heavy metals. The concentration of metals was found in the order as sediment > fishes > water.
K. Tirupurasundary and D. Ramamoorthy
Planktonic Diversity in the Holy Lake of Pushkar, Ajmer
Planktonic diversity in the holy lake of Pushkar was studied from January 2007 to September 2007. In all 48 genera of phytoplankton and 16 genera of zooplankton were identified. Maximum planktonic density corresponded with summer season, which declined with onset of monsoon. The planktonic diversity along with abundance of cyanophycean and chlorophycean phytoplanktons and the rotifers, copepods and cladocerans indicates the moderately polluted nature of the lake.
Vibha Khanna and Indu Yadav
Water Quality Index of River Cauvery At Erode Region, Tamilnadu, India
An attempt has been made to study the physico-chemical characteristics and biological investigations of Cauvery river at Erode region. The sampling points were selected on the basis of their importance. Industrial wastewater, dyeing effluents and sewage are allowed to mix with the Cauvery river water in this region. Water Quality Index (WQI) has been calculated based on National Sanitation Foundation (NSF) index system. Water Quality Index is an easy tool to assess the quality of surface waters and to control the pollutional load of water bodies.
A. R. K. Kulandaivel, P. E. Kumar, V. Perumal and P. N. Magudeswaran
Demarcation of Groundwater Prospective Zones in a Degraded Region of Western Ghats: A GIS Based Approach
Attappady region in the Palghat district of Kerala is one of the severely degraded areas in the Kerala Western Ghats. Apart from the severe ecological, socio-economic, political and cultural problems, the region faces an acute water scarcity too. By identifying the severe ecological degradation and the consequent sociological problems, a watershed based massive ecorestoration project has been initiated in Attappady by the State government. The present study carried out in this area deals with the identification of groundwater potential zones. The groundwater potential zones of Attappady area generated from this study identifies five zones- very high, high, moderate, low and very low. The groundwater potential map generated in this study by making use of GIS tools will be useful in narrowing down the target areas for ground resistivity surveys in order to pinpoint the prospective well site. The results of this study can be used in the ongoing ecorestoration project at Attappady.
Rajesh Reghunath, S. Biju Sekhar, R. Nithin and R. B. Binoj Kumar
Evaluation of Spirulina Supplemented Diet and Its Influence on Bioenergetics and Biochemical Parameters in the Fish Cirrhinus mrigala
Food intake is an important factor governing growth and reproduction and it is depend upon the quality and chemical composition of the feed. A comparative study was conducted to test the effect of Spirulina incorporated diet over the commercially available feed on bioenergetics and biochemical parameters of fish Cirrhinus mrigala. Spirulina incorporated diets were formulated to contain Spirulina at the level of 0.25, 0.50 and 1.0%. The results showed a better growth rate, feeding rate and absorption rate in the fish fed with Spirulina incorporated diet compared to commercial feed. The study also revealed that protein, carbohydrate and lipid contents were increased in fish with Spirulina incorporated diet.
K. Kamalaveni, B. Santhosh and K. Sithara
The Study of Water Quality at Madurai, Tamilnadu, India
Assessment of physico-chemical parameters of water at six places in Madurai were carried out. Five samples were taken from bore well, and one from Corporation pipe supply. The chemical quality was compared with the drinking water quality standards. Several parameters like pH, turbidity, electrical conductivity, chloride, sulphate, total hardness, alkalinity, total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, and biochemical oxygen demand were analysed. The study indicates that bore well water except at site S3 is unfit for drinking. Corporation pipe supply water and bore well water sample of S3 can be used for drinking purpose after pretreatment.
V. Pitchammal, G. Subramanian, P. Ramadevi, and R. Ramanathan
Decolourisation of Reactive Dyes by Modified Photo-Fenton Process Under Irradiation With Sunlight
In a laboratory study, decolourisation of four reactive dyes (Cibacron Yellow C5G, Remazol Blue RGP, Remazol Red RGP and Remazol Golden Yellow RGP) by modified photo-Fenton (UV-vis/ferrioxalate/H2O2) process under irradiation with sunlight was examined. Over 90% decolourisation occurred in 90-120 min for dye concentrations of 20, 50 and 100 mg/L, indicating the effectiveness of ferrioxalate complexes in decolourisation of even strongly coloured solutions. The study has demonstrated that modified photo-Fenton process is an effective process for decolourisation of reactive dyes. The process is useful for treatment of dyehouse waste in tropical and equatorial regions where sunlight is abundant.
Malay Chaudhuri and Toh Yew Wei
Microbial Technology for Production of Biocompost and its Impact on Growth and Yield of Phaseolus aureus Roxb.
Biocompost was formed from press mud cake (PMC), flyash, Eichhornia crassipes and spent wash by bioinoculant Trichoderma viride in treatments viz. PTDE, T1, T2, T3 and T4. Variations in temperature, pH and NPK of compost were also analysed. Biocompost maturity was evaluated by C/N ratio on 8th, 16th, 24th and 32nd days. It was observed that Trichoderma growth is higher at pH 6.5 that hastened the decomposition process and improved the quality of compost. Immature and mature compost were evaluated by C:N. Seeds of Phaseolus aureus Roxb. cv. K-851 were sown in polybag culture (5 kg soil + 159 g compost) @ 5 qt/acre or @ 12.50 kg/hac during July 2004, 05, 06, and 07. The results revealed significantly higher germination %, Vigour index, length of root and shoot, chlorophyll content, biological yield and harvest index. Bioinoculant decomposes the substrates early in T4 treatment and showed enhanced growth and yield due to mineralized nutrient status of compost.
M. A. Ali Khan, Kavita Kashyap and Kazma Toheed
Decolorization of Textile Wastewater by Solar Light and Ultraviolet Radiation
In this study solar light and UV radiation were used to decolourize textile wastewater samples that were green, purple and orange. The effect of them has also been investigated in presence of H2O2. The percentage of colour removal in maximum wavelength of each mixed dyes, that were made by using blue, red and yellow dyes, have been measured. The results have shown that purple and green dyes have maximum and minimum of decolorization percentage of 99.0 and 96.0 respectively with UV light at 90 minuets in presence of 0.5 M H2O2. By using solar radiation for these samples it can be seen that the maximum percentage of decolorization was 99.5 in presence of 0.5 M H2O2 which also happened for green dye after 4 hours. The colour removal of orange dye was the minimum under the above conditions.
H. Tavallali, E. Asrari and S. Zarifian Hoveida
Study on Defluoridation of Water Using Inexpensive Adsorbents
The study assesses the suitability of inexpensive leaf adsorbents to effectively remediate fluoride-contaminated water. The efficiency of the sorption of fluoride ion is affected by pH, contact time, adsorbent dose, type and size of adsorbents, and initial fluoride ion concentration. The adsorption equilibrium is well correlated by Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms. Treated leaf powder was studied at various pHs (2, 4, 6 and 8) with a series of aqueous solutions containing 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 15 mg fluoride/L. At the highest F– ion concentration (15 mg/L), the F– ion level in the effluent gradually decreased to 0 mg/L within 180 min at 29.5°C when the dose of adsorbent is 10 g/L in a sample of 50 mL volume. With lower F– ion concentrations (2 mg/L) in the feed solutions, the fluoride ion concentration steadily decreased reaching 0 mg/L after 150 min. Langmuir isotherm fits well for defluoridation of water using leaf powder.
T. R. Sethu Raman and R. Murugesan
Study of Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Groundwater for Hosur Block, Krishnagiri District, Tamil Nadu
The aim of the present study is to analyze physico-chemical parameters of groundwater. In this study, the Hosur block of Krishnagiri district has been selected as study area. The study area has categorized into four zones namely, agricultural, residential, industrial and institutional and five water samples were collected from each zone. The results of analysis were compared with, ISI, ICMR and WHO drinking water standards. The results show that the pH value, turbidity, TDS, fluoride and magnesium were within permissible limits in most of the samples. Calcium was found to be exceeding the permissible limits in many samples. Chlorides and iron were less than the permissible limits. Therefore, it can be concluded that the groundwater was not much contaminated and can be used for domestic purpose.
L. Yeshodha, T. Meenambal and H. N. Rajakumara
Removal of Copper Using Microsize Coconut Husk Powder: Equilibrium and Kinetic Studies
This investigation deals with the equilibrium and kinetic studies on biosorption of copper ions from aqueous solutions using coconut husk powder in a batch process. The results indicate that biosorption of copper is increased with an increase of biosorbent dosage and decrease with biosorbent size. A significant increase in percentage removal of copper was observed as pH value is increased from 1 to 7 and the percentage removal is decreased beyond pH 7. Increased initial concentration of copper in the aqueous solution results in lower biosorption. Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models describe the present data very well indicating favourable biosorption. The biosorption follows pseudo-first-order kinetics.
A. Prasad and S. Sarveswara Rao
Volumes & Issues
- Vol 23, No 1, Mar 2024
- Vol 22, No 4, Dec 2023
- Vol 22, No 3, Sep 2023
- Vol 22, No 2, Jun 2023
- Vol 22, No 1, Mar 2023
- Vol 21, No 4, Dec 2022
- Vol 21, No 3, Sep 2022
- Vol 21, No 2, Jun 2022
- Vol 21, No 1, Mar 2022
- Vol 20, No 4, Dec 2021
- Vol 20, No 3, Sep 2021
- Vol 20, No 2, Jun 2021
- Vol 20, No 1, Mar 2021
- Vol 19, No 4, Dec 2020
- Vol 19, No 3, Sep 2020
- Vol 19, No 2, Jun 2020
- Vol 19, No 1, Mar 2020
- Vol 18, No 4, Dec 2019
- Vol 18, No 3, Sep 2019
- Vol 18, No 2, Jun 2019
- Vol 18, No 1, Mar 2019
- Vol 17, No 4, Dec 2018
- Vol 17, No 3, Sep 2018
- Vol 17, No 2, Jun 2018
- Vol 17, No 1, Mar 2018
- Vol 16, No 4, Dec 2017
- Vol 16, No 3, Sep 2017
- Vol 16, No 2, Jun 2017
- Vol 16, No 1, Mar 2017
- Vol 15, No 4, Dec 2016
- Vol 15, No 3, Sep 2016
- Vol 15, No 2, Jun 2016
- Vol 15, No 1, Mar 2016
- Vol 14, No 4, Dec 2015
- Vol 14, No 3, Sep 2015
- Vol 14, No 2, Jun 2015
- Vol 14, No 1, Mar 2015
- Vol 13, No 4, Dec 2014
- Vol 13, No 3, Sep 2014
- Vol 13, No 2, Jun 2014
- Vol 13, No 1, Mar 2014
- Vol 12, No 4, Dec 2013
- Vol 12, No 3, Sep 2013
- Vol 12, No 2, Jun 2013
- Vol 12, No 1, Mar 2013
- Vol 11, No 4, Dec 2012
- Vol 11, No 3, Sep 2012
- Vol 11, No 2, Jun 2012
- Vol 11, No 1, Mar 2012
- Vol 10, No 4, Dec 2011
- Vol 10, No 3, Sep 2011
- Vol 10, No 2, Jun 2011
- Vol 10, No 1, Mar 2011
- Vol 9, No 4, Dec 2010
- Vol 9, No 3, Sep 2010
- Vol 9, No 2, Jun 2010
- Vol 9, No 1, Mar 2010
- Vol 8, No 4, Dec 2009
- Vol 8, No 3, Sep 2009
- Vol 8, No 2, Jun 2009
- Vol 8, No 1, Mar 2009
- Vol 7, No 4, Dec 2008
- Vol 7, No 3, Sep 2008
- Vol 7, No 2, Jun 2008
- Vol 7, No 1, Mar 2008
- Vol 6, No 4, Dec 2007
- Vol 6, No 3, Sep 2007
- Vol 6, No 2, Jun 2007
- Vol 6, No 1, Mar 2007
- Vol 1, No 1, Mar 2002