Nature Environment and Pollution Technology

Sustainable Energy Recovery from Coastal Plastic Waste: A Pyrolysis-Driven Micro Power System Approach

Plastic waste accumulation in coastal regions poses a critical environmental and energy access challenge, particularly in underserved areas. This study introduces a novel integration of pyrolysis technology with a micro-scale thermal power generation system designed to convert coastal plastic waste into both thermal and electrical energy. The originality lies in the systematic coupling of a shell-and-tube pyrolysis reactor with a mini steam turbine-generator unit, optimized through thermodynamic analysis, including heat transfer performance, turbulent fluid dynamics, and energy conversion efficiency. Experimental results show that the reactor achieves efficient thermal decomposition (Re = 5,622; shell-side heat flux = 13,212.5 W), while the system produces 13.2 W of electricity with an overall efficiency of 60.66%. Additionally, a spiral condenser enhances heat recovery, reinforcing system sustainability. This integrated design demonstrates a practical, scalable, and eco-friendly solution for simultaneous plastic waste mitigation and decentralized energy generation, particularly in coastal and remote communities where infrastructure is limited. The system sets a precedent for developing modular waste-to-energy technologies that align with circular economy principles and climate resilience goals.

Dwi Novalita Tanri Abeng, Abd. Wahid Wahab, Winarni Monoarfa and Eymal Bahsar Demmallino

Achieving Sustainability in India: Analyzing Carbon Neutrality Scenarios Using the Novel Fourier-NARDL Approach

India’s commitment to achieving carbon neutrality by 2070 represents the strategic significance of cleaner energy sources, such as nuclear energy, in reducing environmental degradation. This study examines the asymmetric relationship between nuclear energy R&D spending and environmental quality, as determined by the Load Capacity Factor (LCF), from 1978 to 2022. The Fourier Nonlinear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (Fourier-NARDL) model is used to obtain potential nonlinear adjustments and continuous structural changes. Empirical findings show that positive shocks in nuclear energy consumption (NUC) expenditure play a very positive role in improving environmental quality in the long run (?? = 0.37, p < 0.05), and negative shocks have a negative effect (?? = ?0.29, p < 0.10). There is also asymmetric behavior in short-run dynamics, but of a smaller dimension. These results provide empirical evidence of the Load Capacity Curve (LCC) hypothesis for India and highlight the importance of the long-term ecological balance that can be attained by focusing on long-term nuclear R&D investment. This research has practical implications for policymakers who aim to align energy innovation strategies with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the 2070 carbon-neutral objective of India.

A. Mohanapriya, R. Shenbagavalli and M. Balamurugan

Index-Based Evaluation (IBE) and Geospatial Mapping of Heavy Metal Contamination in Groundwater of an Industrially Influenced Peri-Urban Area of Guwahati, Assam, India

This study evaluates the geospatial variability of heavy metal contamination in groundwater within an industrially influenced peri-urban area spanning parts of Guwahati, Assam, and Meghalaya, India. A total of 26 samples were analyzed for nine heavy metals, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn, and Fe, using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) during both pre- and post-monsoon seasons. Index-Based Evaluation (IBE) was employed to assess cumulative contamination levels. Results revealed maximum concentrations of Pb (0.206 mg.L-1), Cd (0.011 mg.L-1), Ni (0.049 mg.L-1), and Mn (1.983 mg.L-1) in the groundwater samples. Metal Index (MI) values ? 6 at 21 (pre-monsoon) and 7 (post-monsoon) sites indicated serious contamination, while Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HPI) values > 100 at 22 and 20 sites, respectively, classified the water as unsuitable for drinking. Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) and box plots further supported the temporal patterns of contamination. Geospatial mapping of MI using the Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) technique revealed that 78% (pre-monsoon) and 69% (post-monsoon) of the area were seriously or strongly affected, while HPI interpolation indicated 97% and 95% of the area under high-pollution zones, respectively. The findings underscore the strong anthropogenic impact of cement and brick industries on groundwater quality, emphasizing the need for continuous monitoring and effluent control. The adopted framework provides a transferable model for early detection, spatial prioritization, and remediation of heavy metal contamination in industrially stressed aquifers globally.

Debasish Chutia, Satyajit Kataki and Aditya Shankar Kataki

Comparison of Optimum Dosages of Biocoagulant and Commercial Coagulant Alum in the Coagulation-Flocculation Process of Tofu Wastewater

The tofu industry produces wastewater containing organic matter, suspended solids, and high nitrogen compounds that have the potential to pollute the environment. This research compares the effectiveness of natural biocoagulants derived from maggot shells and moringa seeds with commercial alum coagulants in the coagulation-flocculation process of tofu wastewater. The novelty of this research lies in the use of maggot shells, which are biomass waste, as a natural coagulant. Until now, maggot shells have rarely been used in wastewater treatment, unlike moringa seeds, which have been extensively researched and proven to be effective due to their 44.8?tionic protein content. The research methods included the production of biocoagulants, the determination of the optimum dose through jar tests, and the analysis of pH, TSS, turbidity, and color parameters. The results indicated that all coagulants effectively reduced TSS, turbidity, and color levels. The alum coagulant demonstrated the highest efficiency, achieving 98.66% TSS removal, 86.67% turbidity removal, and 96.17% color removal at an optimal dose of 250 mg.L-1. The moringa seed biocoagulant achieved a comparable performance with 98.66% TSS, 86.67% turbidity, and 96.17% color removal at 150 mg.L-1. In contrast, the maggot shell biocoagulant showed moderate efficiency, removing 83.89% TSS, 74.96% turbidity, and 77.48% color removal at 150 mg.L-1.

Okik Hendriyanto Cahyonugroho, Nur Laili Alfiatin Mukharomah and Muhammad Rizky Firmansyah

Thermogravimetric Analysis and Determination of Kinetic Parameters for Pyrolysis of Lotus Seed Biomass

Optimal usage of omnipresent biowaste materials is vital for truly accomplishing global sustainable development goals. In this regard, naturally abundant, nutrient-rich lotus seeds (Nelumbo nucifera) biomass holds high potential as a suitable alternative source of energy. This research systematically investigates the high temperature thermochemical, morphological and spectral changes which occur in lotus seeds (LS) biomass. This study also successfully correlates the thermogravimetric changes in LS biomass with its compositional changes, highlighting the overall mechanism of this thermal process. Furthermore, a detailed theoretical analysis of the thermal data was also carried out using various models to obtain all of the involved kinetic parameters. Results showed that LS biomass thermal degradation followed a first-order reaction kinetics mechanism with significantly low activation energy requirements (~ 2-8 kJ.mol-1) for different reaction phases. These results provide critical information for optimizing the energy production on an industrial scale. High volatile content (~76%) and lower pyrolysis temperature requirement (< 400o C) for inducing significant structural changes in this biomass also enhances its potential as a bioenergy alternative. Ultimately, this research work underscores the potential of lotus seed biomass to contribute to sustainable energy solutions and mitigate environmental pollution, aligning with global efforts toward renewable energy practices.

Gurneet Kaur, Vivekanand and Jaibir Kherb

Environmental Policies in Mexico: A Critical Analysis of Their Implementation and Results

Mexico, as a megadiverse country, is particularly vulnerable to climate change. In response, it has implemented various environmental policies, including Payment for Water Environmental Services (PES), the ban on single-use plastics, and the carbon tax. The purpose of this article is to systematically analyze recent environmental policies, evaluating their impact and contribution to sustainable development. To this end, a methodology based on a Systematic Literature Review (SLR), complemented by a bibliometric analysis, was employed. The information search was conducted using the Scopus and Web of Science (WoS) databases, as well as institutional repositories, resulting in the selection of 134 qualified publications. The analysis of these documents enabled the identification and grouping of key findings in areas such as renewable energy, the circular economy, and environmental governance. Although the results demonstrate substantial progress in these fields, they also reveal critical shortcomings in waste management, reforestation efforts, and environmental monitoring. Additionally, the study identifies tensions between economic interests and sustainability goals, low levels of citizen participation in public policy implementation, and pronounced regional disparities in policy execution. The study concludes by emphasizing the urgent need to strengthen environmental governance through increased citizen engagement, professionalization of institutions, and the assurance of long-term policy continuity.

Rosa Llerena, Oscar Moncayo, Leandra Arboleda, Malena Zambrano and Evelyn Navia

Clay Brick Performance with Red Mud, Waste Foundry Sand, and Silica Fume: A Taguchi Approach

This study addresses the environmental concerns associated with the disposal of red mud (RM) and Waste Foundry Sand (WFS). It explores the use of these industrial by-products, along with silica fume, fly ash, and Desur clay, to produce geopolymer clay bricks as a sustainable alternative to traditional clay bricks. Initially, 5M geopolymeric clay bricks were produced by partially substituting natural clay with RM, fly ash, WFS, sodium silicate, and caustic. The highest compressive strength achieved was 3.27 N.mm- ² with a 5M caustic concentration. To further optimize the raw materials and enhance the strength, WFS was partially replaced with different percentages of silica fume. Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) was used to identify the most effective mix, transforming multiple objectives into a single optimal solution. Nine mix designs were developed following the Taguchi L9 orthogonal array. The optimum mix demonstrated a compressive strength of 5.02 N.mm- ², comprising 13.75% red mud, 10% silica fume, 12.85% WFS, 33.43?sur clay, and 30% fly ash. Water absorption remained within allowable limits across all samples. Variance analysis indicated that silica fume (47.45%) was the most influential factor, followed by red mud (30.36%), while WFS contributed the least (21.17%). Microstructural and mineralogical analyses using SEM, FTIR, and XRD confirmed the formation of geopolymeric gels and stable phases. Heavy metal assessments via ICP verified that the bricks are environmentally safe for utilization.

Smita S. Borchate, Praveen A. Ghorpade, Basavaraj G. Katageri and Nayana P. Hoolikantimath

Assessing Atmospheric Contamination Zones Through Lichen Bioindicators in a Northwestern Peruvian City

Lichens, which are symbiotic associations between fungi and algae, serve as bioindicators for assessing air quality via the Modified Index of Atmospheric Purity (IAPM). This research evaluated atmospheric conditions and mapped isocontamination zones in Chachapoyas, Peru. Lichen samples were collected from 36 locations across six urban sectors, while measurements of phorophyte bark pH, ambient temperature, and humidity were also taken. A total of 27 lichen species on 15 phorophyte species were identified. Statistical analysis found no significant correlation between IAPM scores and environmental factors such as bark pH, phorophyte species, temperature, or humidity. Using the IAPM data and Kriging interpolation in QGIS, an isocontamination map was created to display spatial air pollution patterns. The map indicated that the central sector of Chachapoyas had the lowest air quality, while peripheral areas showed decreasing pollution levels, illustrating a clear urban pollution gradient.

Jani E. Mendoza, Cristobal Torres-Guzman, Manuel Oliva, Ligia García and Jesús Rascón

Retrieval of Turbidity in Upper Lake, a Ramsar Site in Bhopal, India, Using In Situ Observations and Landsat 8 OLI Satellite Data

Turbidity, an optical measure of water clarity influenced by suspended sediments and organic matter, is a critical indicator of freshwater quality. Satellite remote sensing offers a practical means of monitoring turbidity over space and time by capturing water-leaving reflectance across spectral bands. This study explores the spatiotemporal retrieval of turbidity in the Upper Lake, Bhopal, an important urban freshwater body and Ramsar site in India, using Landsat-8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) Surface Reflectance (SR) data from 2013 to 2022. Field-based in-situ turbidity data collected during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons of 2022 were used to calibrate and validate several empirical models based on different band combinations. The best empirical models used the band ratio of the blue and red bands (Band-2 and Band-4), yielding a high agreement with field data (R² = 0.89) with a validation RMSE of 4.04 NTU. Temporal turbidity trends revealed a seasonal pattern, with higher turbidity observed in the post-monsoon season due to catchment runoff and anthropogenic activities. This study confirmed that Landsat-8 OLI SR, supported by field measurements, is a reliable tool for long-term turbidity monitoring in inland lakes.

Prasanta Ghadei and Sujit Kumar Jally

Phosphate Solubilization and Plant Growth-Promoting Potential of Penicillium oxalicum (Bt9) in Eppawala Rock Phosphate-Enriched Compost

The frequent application of chemical phosphate (P) fertilizers is costly and has emerged as a major concern in the agricultural sector of Sri Lanka. Therefore, the present study evaluated the impact of the fungal inoculum Penicillium oxalicum (Bt9) on the bio-solubilization of Eppawala Rock Phosphate (ERP)-enriched compost. A Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was employed, comprising four compost treatments, each replicated four times. Treatment 1 (T1) was amended with P. oxalicum (Bt9) and sugar; Treatment 2 (T2) was amended solely with P. oxalicum (Bt9); Treatment 3 (T3) was amended solely with sugar, and Treatment 4 (T4) served as the control, lacking both P. oxalicum (Bt9) and sugar. The released bioavailable phosphorus (P) content of each treatment was determined using the molybdenum blue method. A pot experiment was conducted using red cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), grown in a 1:1 mixture of phospho-compost and soil, to evaluate the effect of ERP bio-solubilization by P. oxalicum (Bt9) on plant growth. The results showed significantly higher (p ? 0.05) values for plant growth parameters, including shoot length, root length, and total plant length, in Treatments 1 and 2 compared with Treatments 3 and 4. The highest shoot length, root length, and total plant length were recorded in Treatment 1, with values of 26.58 ± 2.44 cm, 11.36 ± 1.48 cm, and 54.24 ± 2.64 cm, respectively. The study concluded that P. oxalicum (Bt9) significantly enhanced phosphate solubilization and promoted the growth of red cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). Therefore, ERP-enriched compost inoculated with P. oxalicum (Bt9) may be considered a sustainable alternative to imported chemical phosphate fertilizers.

W. M. B. B. Sathsarini, T. G. I. Sandamali, M. M. Pathmalal and F. S. Idroos

Central Composite Design-Based Optimization of Heterogeneous Fenton-Like Catalytic Oxidation of Real Pharmaceutical Wastewater Using Cu-Fe/SiO?

This research explores heterogeneous Fenton-like catalytic oxidation for the treatment of actual pharmaceutical wastewater with Cu–Fe supported on SiO? as an active catalyst. Catalyst preparation and characterization via X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and BET analysis for porosity, crystallinity, and active site distribution were completed. To optimize treatment parameters, response surface methodology using central composite design (CCD) investigated catalyst dosage, H?O? concentration, initial pH, and reaction time for the maximum chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal. The CCD determinant generated a quadratic model (R² = 0.9881) to predict experimental results, which, when confirmed via successful achievement of proposed conditions, resulted in 76.07% COD removal. This work indicates the efficiency, reproducibility and feasibility of scaling the Cu–Fe/SiO? catalyst for pharmaceutical wastewater treatment and is a step toward sustainability.

Neha Kulshreshtha, Vishal Kumar Sandhwar, Alok Tiwari and Shivendu Saxena

Moringa oleifera as a Natural Coagulant-Flocculant for the Removal of Turbidity and Heavy Metals from the Caplina Channel

Driven by the high costs, residuals, and potential health impacts associated with chemical coagulants, this study evaluated a more environmentally and socially compatible bioprocess: the use of saline-activated (1 M NaCl) Moringa oleifera seed powder as a coagulant– flocculant to clarify surface waters from the Caplina Channel (Tacna, Peru). Raw water was collected, and jar tests were conducted at 125, 250, 500, and 750 mg.L?¹ (n = 3 per dose), measuring turbidity, electrical conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen (DO), total dissolved solids (TDS), color, and dissolved metals (As, Cu, and Fe), in addition to a proximate analysis of the seeds. The optimal dose achieved 99.7% turbidity removal (from 3350 to 9.045 NTU) and reduced metals to As 0.005 mg.L?¹ (95%), Fe < 0.3 mg.L?¹ (94%), and Cu 0.045 mg.L?¹ (78%), with a pH 5.5, EC 936 µS.cm?¹, DO 7.24 mg.L?¹, TDS 762 mg.L?¹, and color < 5 Pt/ Co, meeting Peru’s ECA-Agua Category 1–A2 criteria for waters treatable by conventional processes. Although the EC increased with the dose, it remained below 1600 µS.cm-1 at the optimal value. We highlight saline pretreatment and the activation of M. oleifera seed powder with 1 M NaCl as a high-efficiency clarification strategy. This strategy activates cationic proteins and increases the charge density of biopolymers, promoting particulate charge neutralization and metal-ion complexation/adsorption. This mechanism enables the simultaneous and high-efficiency removal of turbidity and metals using an accessible and sustainable biocoagulant suitable for settings with limited treatment infrastructure.

Dariella Sharyley Quintana-Calizaya, Efren Eugenio Chaparro-Montoya, Javier Lozano-Marreros, Yessenia Danidtza Gomez-Aguilar, Keila Abigail Muñante-Carrillo and Diana Galeska Farfan-Pajuelo

Amelioration of Cadmium-Induced Stress in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Using Gasotransmitters: A Combined Approach to Enhancing Antioxidant Defense and Growth Resilience

Cadmium (Cd) toxicity is a major environmental stressor that adversely affects plant growth, photosynthesis, and metabolism, causing oxidative damage and yield loss. This study investigates the role of nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen sulfide (H?S) in mitigating Cd-induced stress in Solanum lycopersicum by analyzing growth parameters, oxidative stress markers, antioxidant enzyme activity, and physiological responses. Tomato seedlings exposed to Cd (20 µM CdCl?) exhibited severe growth inhibition, leaf chlorosis, chlorophyll degradation, and increased oxidative stress. Exogenous application of NO (sodium nitroprusside) and H?S (sodium hydrosulfide), individually and in combination, significantly alleviated Cd toxicity. The combined NO + H?S treatment showed the highest increase in shoot and root length (~60% over Cd-stressed plants), improved chlorophyll and carotenoid content (87% restoration to control levels), and reduced oxidative damage, indicated by lower malondialdehyde (MDA) (40%) and H?O? (55%) accumulation. Antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, APX, POD) were significantly upregulated, enhancing reactive oxygen species (ROS) detoxification. Additionally, proline accumulation (~4-fold increase) and protein content (~30% restoration) were improved, suggesting better osmotic balance and metabolic stability. NO and H?S mitigate Cd stress by reducing oxidative damage, boosting antioxidant defenses, and enhancing resilience. Their combined action highlights gasotransmitter-based strategies for developing Cd-tolerant crops and promoting sustainable agriculture in metal-contaminated soils.

Smita Raut, Pragnya Paramita Sahoo, Prabhat Kumar Srivastava and Sangeeta Raut

Evaluation of the Adsorption Performance of Geological Materials Based on Limestone and Green Shale from the Taza Region, Morocco: Application for Leachate Treatment

The present study aims, on the one hand, to examine and evaluate the potential of natural geological adsorbents elaborated from limestone and green shale for leachate treatment. In contrast, it highlights an innovative approach based on the separate evaluation of these two natural materials, which has not yet been explored in depth in the literature, with a view to offering a sustainable and economically accessible alternative to commercial adsorbents. To this end, the studied materials were prepared from rocks collected around the city of Taza, Morocco. The absorbent properties of the produced materials were evaluated for different types of pollutants contained in the leachate studied through structural analyses carried out by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) before and after the adsorption process. In addition, kinetic and isotherm models were analyzed to evaluate the adsorption efficiency. Characterization before the adsorption process revealed that the prepared materials had a partially homogeneous surface with particles of irregular sizes and varied atomic compositions. The material prepared from limestone showed the highest performance, with reduction rates of 39%, 43%, and over 80% for COD, BOD, and heavy metals (Cr, Fe, Ni, Pb, and Zn), respectively. The results of the kinetic and isothermal models showed that the removal efficiency of COD was significantly related to the initial concentration and time of contact, with reduction rates of 40 % and 32 % for the materials prepared from limestone and green schist, respectively. Furthermore, the pseudo-second-order and Freundlich models well adjusted the kinetic and isothermal models. These results confirm the potential of these low-cost adsorbents for sustainable environmental applications, with limestone exhibiting superior performance.

Imane El Machrafi, Abdennasser Baali, Ibrahim Touzani, Jamal Naoura, Mohamed Ben Abbou and Kawtar Fikri-Benbrahim

ANN-Driven Optimization of VOC Adsorption on Activated Carbon with Thermal Breakthrough Forecasting and IoT-Based Real-Time Monitoring

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) have become one of the drivers of environmental deterioration and occupational hazards, and the issue requires competent and clever adsorption methods for their elimination. This study proposes a comprehensive experimental, computational, and IoT-based system that maximizes VOCs adsorption by activated carbon. A packed bed adsorption column was constructed and equipped with two MQ-138 and DHT22 sensors, which could be directly tracked in real time using a NodeMCU-ThingSpeak dashboard. During the experiments, the efficiency of VOC removal was lower at higher inlet concentrations (92.3% to 76.1% at 100 ppm to 300 ppm, respectively) and higher at the optimized flow rate (74.5% - 89.8% at 3.0 to 1.5 L.min-1, respectively). The efficiency was lower at high relative humidity because of competitive adsorption, and higher bed temperatures (up to 45°C) slightly prolonged the breakthrough time. The model used was a 4-8-1 ANN (Artificial Neural Network) whose training was carried out using the LevenbergMarquardt algorithm, which had a high predictive accuracy (R2 =0.987, Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) =1.82), and the experimental value was close to the computed values across a range of inputs. The 3D surface mapping of the ANN model exhibited an ideal area of interaction between the VOC concentration and flow rate. In addition, all IoT delays were less than 1.5 s, and the sensor offset was less than ±5 ppm and ±0.5°C, thus confirming the readiness of the system deployment. These outcomes confirm that it is possible to implement intelligent, responsive VOC mitigation tools that are informed by machine learning and integrated with IoT to manage air quality in the industry.

Subramanian Kavitha, Subramani Umamaheswari, Venkatesh Babu Samikannu and Surendran Ganesan

Characterization and Optimization of Tamarindus indica Copper Nanoparticles (TA-CuNPs) for the Adsorptive Removal of Malachite Green

Copper nanoparticles doped with Tamarindus indica seed extract (TA-CuNPs) were greensynthesized to combine sustainability with an enhanced adsorption potential for wastewater treatment. Comprehensive characterization (SEM, FTIR, XRD, and BET) confirmed the porous structure and active surface functionalities of the materials. Batch adsorption studies of Malachite Green (MG) demonstrated a strong dependence on solution pH, adsorbent dosage, dye concentration, contact time, and temperature, with optimal performance at pH 6 and 0.5 g.L-1. The Langmuir isotherm provided the best equilibrium fit (R² = 0.999), yielding a monolayer capacity of 243.90 mg.g-1. Kinetic evaluation confirmed pseudo-second-order dominance (R² = 0.999), indicating chemisorption, while thermodynamic analysis revealed spontaneous and endothermic uptake (?G° < 0> 0). RSM-CCD optimization identified the ideal operational conditions: 19.85 mg.L-1 MG, 0.498 g.L-1 adsorbent, pH 6.18, and 318 K, achieving maximum removal efficiency with excellent model accuracy (R² > 0.98, low error statistics). These results collectively establish TA-CuNPs as a high-capacity, greensynthesized, and scalable adsorbent suitable for practical wastewater treatment.

Pampana Anil Kumar, Alpitha Suhasini J., Sarva Rao B., Pulipati King, D. Appala Naidu and Meena Vangalapati

Acceptance Rate and Publication Time

Acceptance rate: 20%
Initial Editorial Screening: Median 15 days from submission
First Decision: Median 7 weeks from submission
Prepublished Paper: Median 5 weeks from final acceptance
Final Publication: Median 5 months from final acceptance

Journal Metrics

Scopus CiteScore (2025): 2.1
Scopus SJR Index (2025) = 0.314
Index Copernicus International (2023) = 132.21
NAAS Rating (2024) = 5.33

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